USGS:640f645cd34e254fd352e202 eng UTF8 dataset service Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the metadata creator The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with the USGS information pointOfContact 2025-04-14 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata Part 2 Extensions for imagery and gridded data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) 2 vertical 16 10 time 8641 3600.0 area U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2021) 2023-08-07 publication USGS vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ANH82L Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of this dataset This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this metadata information coAuthor U.S. Geological Survey 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston Virginia 20192 USA publisher modelDigital data release DOI:10.5066/P9ANH82L The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST Warner and others, 2019; Warner and others, 2010) model was used to simulate three-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves to study salinity intrusion in the Delaware Bay estuary for 2016, 2018, 2021. Salinity intrusion in coastal systems is due in part to extreme events like drought or low-pressure storms and longer-term sea level rise, threatening economic infrastructure and ecological health. Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, approximately 13 million people rely on the water resources of the Delaware River basin, which is actively managed to suppress the salt front (or ~0.52 daily averaged psu line) through river discharge targets. However, river discharge is only part of the story. The other mechanisms controlling salinity intrusion include tidal motions on daily and spring-neap cycles, bathymetric and topographic features, and meteorological events. It is the interaction of these mechanisms that ultimately determines the distribution of salt in an estuary, particularly during periods of low discharge. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms controlling the location of the salt front in the Delaware Bay estuary using a calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave and Sediment Transport (COAWST; v. 3.6) modeling system. The model was forced with tides, subtidal water levels, bulk atmospheric conditions for each year 2016, 2018, and 2021. This simulation focused on the impacts of river discharge, tides, subtidal, and wind forcing on salinity intrusion in 2021 in the Delaware Estuary. This work was supported by the Office of Delaware River Master Salinity Study and the USGS Coastal Marine Hazards and Resources Program. The computational support was provided by the High-Performance Computing Facility (Poseidon) at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the point of contact This URL provides contact information for the point of contact for this dataset information pointOfContact Earth Science Services > Models > Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCM)/Regional Ocean Models Earth Science Services > Models > Weather Research/Forecast Models Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Temperature > Potential Temperature Earth Science > Oceans > Salinity/Density > Salinity Earth Science > Oceans > Sea Surface Topography > Sea Surface Height Earth Science > Oceans > Ocean Circulation > Ocean Currents theme GCMD Science Keywords hydrodynamics salinity modeling theme USGS Thesaurus Location > Continent > North America > United States of America Location > Continent > North America > United States of America > Delaware place NASA/GCMD Location Keywords Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Processes (PUMP) project U.S.Geological Survey - ScienceBase dataCenter latitude sea_surface_height_above_geopotential_datum barotropic_sea_water_x_velocity barotropic_sea_water_y_velocity sea_water_x_velocity sea_water_y_velocity sea_water_potential_temperature sea_water_salinity ocean_s_coordinate_g2 ocean_s_coordinate_g2 longitude latitude time theme CF Standard Name Table v48 Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2016, 2018, 2021) to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving salinity intrusion 2023-08-07 publication Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of data This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this dataset information coAuthor data release DOI:10.5066/P9ANH82L Cook, S.E., and Warner, J.C., 2023, U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2016, 2018, 2021) to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving salinity intrusion. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ANH82L. largerWorkCitation largerWorkCitation Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Processes (PUMP) 2023-05-31 revision Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of data This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this dataset information coAuthor The Predictive Understanding of Multiscale Processes (PUMP) project aims to advance multi-scale, integrated modeling capabilities to address priority water resource issues and inform monitoring relevant to USGS Integrated Water Science (IWS) Basin studies, Integrated Water Availability Assessments (IWAAs), and the National Water Census (NWC). The PUMP project mission is to advance the USGS’s modeling capability – specifically, the capability to configure, prepare inputs for, calibrate, evaluate, predict with, and learn from model applications that leverage the Enterprise Modeling System of data, tools, code, and workflows to meet stakeholder and assessment needs. largerWorkCitation project eng climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere 1 -75.63290610753753 -74.55671530588432 38.57888442021855 40.22553296540622 seconds since 2021-01-01 00:00:00 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z 2021-12-27T00:00:00Z The model has Arakawa C-grid type staggered grids for each of the following; grid cell centers, cell-edge mid-points, and corners. Grid cells are of irregular sizes but are rectangular with maximum orthogonality while conforming to the curvilinear shape of the grid. Generally, vector quantities such as velocity are calculated at cell edges, whereas the scalar quantities such as density are calculated at cell centers. Geospatial vertical resolution is variable due to the sigma coordinate system of the numerical model. U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2016, 2018, 2021) to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving salinity intrusion. 2023-05-31 publication Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of data This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this dataset information coAuthor The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST Warner and others, 2019; Warner and others, 2010) model was used to simulate three-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves to study salinity intrusion in the Delaware Bay estuary for 2016, 2018, 2021. Salinity intrusion in coastal systems is due in part to extreme events like drought or low-pressure storms and longer-term sea level rise, threatening economic infrastructure and ecological health. Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, approximately 13 million people rely on the water resources of the Delaware River basin, which is actively managed to suppress the salt front (or ~0.52 daily averaged psu line) through river discharge targets. However, river discharge is only part of the story. The other mechanisms controlling salinity intrusion include tidal motions on daily and spring-neap cycles, bathymetric and topographic features, and meteorological events. It is the interaction of these mechanisms that ultimately determines the distribution of salt in an estuary, particularly during periods of low discharge. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms controlling the location of the salt front in the Delaware Bay estuary using a calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave and Sediment Transport (COAWST; v. 3.6) modeling system. The model was forced with tides, subtidal water levels, bulk atmospheric conditions for each year 2016, 2018, and 2021. OPeNDAP:OPeNDAP 1 -75.63290610753753 -74.55671530588432 38.57888442021855 40.22553296540622 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z 2021-12-27T00:00:00Z tight OPeNDAP Client Access WebServices https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/dodsC/vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc OPeNDAP:OPeNDAP OPeNDAP THREDDS OPeNDAP download U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2016, 2018, 2021) to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving salinity intrusion. 2023-05-31 publication Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of data This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this dataset information coAuthor The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST Warner and others, 2019; Warner and others, 2010) model was used to simulate three-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves to study salinity intrusion in the Delaware Bay estuary for 2016, 2018, 2021. Salinity intrusion in coastal systems is due in part to extreme events like drought or low-pressure storms and longer-term sea level rise, threatening economic infrastructure and ecological health. Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, approximately 13 million people rely on the water resources of the Delaware River basin, which is actively managed to suppress the salt front (or ~0.52 daily averaged psu line) through river discharge targets. However, river discharge is only part of the story. The other mechanisms controlling salinity intrusion include tidal motions on daily and spring-neap cycles, bathymetric and topographic features, and meteorological events. It is the interaction of these mechanisms that ultimately determines the distribution of salt in an estuary, particularly during periods of low discharge. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms controlling the location of the salt front in the Delaware Bay estuary using a calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave and Sediment Transport (COAWST; v. 3.6) modeling system. The model was forced with tides, subtidal water levels, bulk atmospheric conditions for each year 2016, 2018, and 2021. OGC:WMS 1 -75.63290610753753 -74.55671530588432 38.57888442021855 40.22553296540622 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z 2021-12-27T00:00:00Z tight GetCapabilities WebServices https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/wms/vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities OGC:WMS OGC-WMS Open Geospatial Consortium Web Map Service (WMS) download U.S. Geological Survey simulations of 3D-hydrodynamics in Delaware Bay (2016, 2018, 2021) to improve understanding of the mechanisms driving salinity intrusion. 2023-05-31 revision Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook WWW:LINK web browser URL for the creator of data This URL provides contact information for the creator of this dataset information originator John C. Warner U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center jcwarner@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/john-warner WWW:LINK web browser URL for the contributor This URL provides contact information for the contributor for this dataset information coAuthor The Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere-Wave-Sediment Transport (COAWST Warner and others, 2019; Warner and others, 2010) model was used to simulate three-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves to study salinity intrusion in the Delaware Bay estuary for 2016, 2018, 2021. Salinity intrusion in coastal systems is due in part to extreme events like drought or low-pressure storms and longer-term sea level rise, threatening economic infrastructure and ecological health. Along the eastern seaboard of the United States, approximately 13 million people rely on the water resources of the Delaware River basin, which is actively managed to suppress the salt front (or ~0.52 daily averaged psu line) through river discharge targets. However, river discharge is only part of the story. The other mechanisms controlling salinity intrusion include tidal motions on daily and spring-neap cycles, bathymetric and topographic features, and meteorological events. It is the interaction of these mechanisms that ultimately determines the distribution of salt in an estuary, particularly during periods of low discharge. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms controlling the location of the salt front in the Delaware Bay estuary using a calibrated three-dimensional hydrodynamic model, the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Wave and Sediment Transport (COAWST; v. 3.6) modeling system. The model was forced with tides, subtidal water levels, bulk atmospheric conditions for each year 2016, 2018, and 2021. UNIDATA:NCSS 1 -75.63290610753753 -74.55671530588432 38.57888442021855 40.22553296540622 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z 2021-12-27T00:00:00Z tight NetCDFSubsetService WebServices https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/ncss/grid/vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc/dataset.html UNIDATA:NCSS THREDDS_NetCDF_Subset THREDDS NetCDF Subset Service download modelResult Tobc_in double tracers inflow, nudging inverse time scale Tobc_out double tracers outflow, nudging inverse time scale zeta float free-surface (sea_surface_height_above_geopotential_datum) ubar float vertically integrated u-momentum component (barotropic_sea_water_x_velocity) vbar float vertically integrated v-momentum component (barotropic_sea_water_y_velocity) u float u-momentum component (sea_water_x_velocity) v float v-momentum component (sea_water_y_velocity) w float vertical momentum component omega float S-coordinate vertical momentum component temp float potential temperature (sea_water_potential_temperature) salt float salinity (sea_water_salinity) dye_01 float dye concentration, type 01 dye_02 float dye concentration, type 02 dye_03 float dye concentration, type 03 AKv float vertical viscosity coefficient tke float turbulent kinetic energy gls float turbulent generic length scale sustr float surface u-momentum stress svstr float surface v-momentum stress bustr float bottom u-momentum stress bvstr float bottom v-momentum stress ntimes int number of long time-steps ndtfast int number of short time-steps dt double size of long time-steps dtfast double size of short time-steps dstart double time stamp assigned to model initilization nHIS int number of time-steps between history records ndefHIS int number of time-steps between the creation of history files nRST int number of time-steps between restart records nSTA int number of time-steps between stations records Falpha double Power-law shape barotropic filter parameter Fbeta double Power-law shape barotropic filter parameter Fgamma double Power-law shape barotropic filter parameter nl_tnu2 double nonlinear model Laplacian mixing coefficient for tracers nl_visc2 double nonlinear model Laplacian mixing coefficient for momentum LuvSponge int horizontal viscosity sponge activation switch LtracerSponge int horizontal diffusivity sponge activation switch Akt_bak double background vertical mixing coefficient for tracers Akv_bak double background vertical mixing coefficient for momentum Akk_bak double background vertical mixing coefficient for turbulent energy Akp_bak double background vertical mixing coefficient for length scale rdrg double linear drag coefficient rdrg2 double quadratic drag coefficient Zob double bottom roughness Zos double surface roughness gls_p double stability exponent gls_m double turbulent kinetic energy exponent gls_n double turbulent length scale exponent gls_cmu0 double stability coefficient gls_c1 double shear production coefficient gls_c2 double dissipation coefficient gls_c3m double buoyancy production coefficient (minus) gls_c3p double buoyancy production coefficient (plus) gls_sigk double constant Schmidt number for TKE gls_sigp double constant Schmidt number for PSI gls_Kmin double minimum value of specific turbulent kinetic energy gls_Pmin double minimum Value of dissipation Charnok_alpha double Charnok factor for surface roughness Zos_hsig_alpha double wave amplitude factor for surface roughness sz_alpha double surface flux from wave dissipation CrgBan_cw double surface flux due to Craig and Banner wave breaking Znudg double free-surface nudging/relaxation inverse time scale M2nudg double 2D momentum nudging/relaxation inverse time scale M3nudg double 3D momentum nudging/relaxation inverse time scale Tnudg double Tracers nudging/relaxation inverse time scale Tnudg_SSS double SSS nudging/relaxation inverse time scale FSobc_in double free-surface inflow, nudging inverse time scale FSobc_out double free-surface outflow, nudging inverse time scale M2obc_in double 2D momentum inflow, nudging inverse time scale M2obc_out double 2D momentum outflow, nudging inverse time scale M3obc_in double 3D momentum inflow, nudging inverse time scale M3obc_out double 3D momentum outflow, nudging inverse time scale rho0 double mean density used in Boussinesq approximation R0 double background density used in linear equation of state Tcoef double thermal expansion coefficient Scoef double Saline contraction coefficient gamma2 double slipperiness parameter LuvSrc int momentum point sources and sink activation switch LwSrc int mass point sources and sink activation switch LtracerSrc int tracer point sources and sink activation switch LsshCLM int sea surface height climatology processing switch Lm2CLM int 2D momentum climatology processing switch Lm3CLM int 3D momentum climatology processing switch LtracerCLM int tracer climatology processing switch LnudgeM2CLM int 2D momentum climatology nudging activation switch LnudgeM3CLM int 3D momentum climatology nudging activation switch LnudgeTCLM int tracer climatology nudging activation switch spherical int grid type logical switch xl double domain length in the XI-direction el double domain length in the ETA-direction Vtransform int vertical terrain-following transformation equation Vstretching int vertical terrain-following stretching function theta_s double S-coordinate surface control parameter theta_b double S-coordinate bottom control parameter Tcline double S-coordinate surface/bottom layer width hc double S-coordinate parameter, critical depth grid int Cs_r double S-coordinate stretching curves at RHO-points Cs_w double S-coordinate stretching curves at W-points Ipos double stations I-direction positions Jpos double stations J-direction positions h double bathymetry at RHO-points angle double angle between XI-axis and EAST (latitude) s_rho double S-coordinate at RHO-points (ocean_s_coordinate_g2) s_w double S-coordinate at W-points (ocean_s_coordinate_g2) lon_rho double longitude of RHO-points (longitude) lat_rho double latitude of RHO-points (latitude) ocean_time double time since initialization (time) U.S.Geological Survey - ScienceBase sciencebase@usgs.gov https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/640f645cd34e254fd352e202 WWW:LINK web browser URL for the data publisher This URL provides contact information for the publisher of this dataset information publisher OPeNDAP https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/dodsC/vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc.html WWW:LINK File Information This URL provides a standard OPeNDAP html interface for selecting data from this dataset. Change the extension to .info for a description of the dataset. download https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/godiva2/godiva2.html?server=https://geoport.usgs.esipfed.org/thredds/wms/vortexfs1/usgs/Projects/delaware/2021/Output/ocean_deb_sta_2021.nc?service=WMS&version=1.3.0&request=GetCapabilities WWW:LINK Viewer Information This URL points to Godiva2, a browser based viewer. mapDigital dataset COAWST Version 3.6, ROMS/TOMS, Version 3.9, Tuesday - October 4, 2022 - 5:58:20 PM Input files for this simulation. Salme E. Cook U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center secook@usgs.gov https://www.usgs.gov/staff-profiles/salme-cook processor COAWST executable: coawstM Input file for hydrodynamic module: ocean_deb_estuary_2021.in Input file for hydrodynamic stations module: stations_debay_better.in Input/Output variable information: varinfo.dat Circulation model header file for selecting the model modules: de_bay_test.h, ana_passive.h, ana_sponge.h Hydrodynamic model computational grid file: delaware_secgrid_v6b_grd.nc Initial conditions at the beginning of the simulation: de_bay_ini_2021.nc Forcing applied at the boundaries of the computational grid: de_bay_bry_2021_subtidal.nc River forcing applied at the boundaries of the computational grid: frc_rivers_debay_2021_ramp.nc tidal forcing applied at the boundaries of the computational grid: tide_forc_Delaware_Bay_2021.nc bulk atmospheric forcing applied at the surface of the computational grid: frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202101.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202102.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202103.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202104.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202105.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202106.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202107.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202108.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202109.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202110.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202111.nc, frc_DEBay_ERA5_bulkflux_202112.nc This record was translated from NcML using UnidataDD2MI.xsl Version 2.3.4. (Manually revised 2023-05-25 and 7/27/2023). Revised 2025-04-14 to fix a DOI value and provide more detail for publication date.