Projections of wave heights for Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast (2015-2100)

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Metadata:

Identification_Information
Data_Quality_Information
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information
Spatial_Reference_Information
Entity_and_Attribute_Information
Distribution_Information
Metadata_Reference_Information

Identification_Information:

Citation:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Eric E. Grossman
Originator: Nathan R. vanArendonk
Originator: Sean C. Crosby
Originator: Babak Tehranirad
Originator: Kees Nederhoff
Originator: Kai A. Parker
Originator: Patrick L. Barnard
Originator: Li Erikson
Originator: Jeffrey J. Danielson
Publication_Date: 20240213
Title:

Projections of wave heights for Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast (2015-2100)

Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: geoTIFF
Series_Information:

Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9I08NS5

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place:

Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California

Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5
Larger_Work_Citation:

Citation_Information:

Coastal hazards assessment associated with sea level rise and storms along the Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast

Series_Information:

Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9I08NS5

Publication_Information:

Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey

Other_Citation_Details:

Suggested Citation: Grossman, E.E., vanArendonk, N.R., Crosby, S.C., Tehranirad, B., Nederhoff, K., Barnard, P.L., Erikson, L., and Danielson, J.J., 2024, Coastal hazards assessment associated with sea level rise and storms along the Whatcom County, Northwest Washington State coast. U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5

Description:

Abstract:

Projected wave heights associated with compound coastal flood hazards for existing and future sea-level rise (SLR) and storm scenarios are shown for Whatcom County, Washington, in a series of raster geotiff files. Projections were made using a system of numerical models driven by output from Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). The resulting data are water levels of projected flood hazards along the Whatcom County coast due to sea level rise and plausible future storm conditions that consider the changing climate and natural variability. In addition to sea-level rise, flood simulations run by these numerical models included dynamic contributions from tide, storm surge, wind, waves, river discharge, and seasonal sea-level fluctuations. Outputs include waves from combinations of SLR scenarios (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 m) storm conditions including 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, 20-year, 50-year and 100-year return interval storms and a background condition (no storm - astronomic tide and average atmospheric conditions). The annual average King Tide is also provided and includes mean storm surge occurring during King Tides.

Purpose:

These data are intended to support the information needs of policy makers, resource managers, science researchers, students, and the general public. These projections for future sea-level rise scenarios provide emergency responders and coastal planners with critical hazards information that can be used as a screening tool to increase public safety, mitigate physical damages, and more effectively manage and allocate resources within complex coastal settings. These data can be used with geographic information systems or other software to identify and assess possible areas of exposure to flooding and vulnerability. These data are not intended to be used for navigation.

Supplemental_Information:

This work is part of ongoing modeling efforts for the United States. For more information about the USGS Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS), see https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/science/coastal-storm-modeling-system-cosmos. Work was funded by the City of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Port of Bellingham, City of Blaine, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Geological Survey. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology.

Time_Period_of_Content:

Time_Period_Information:

Range_of_Dates/Times:

Beginning_Date: 2019
Ending_Date: 2023

Currentness_Reference: start of project work through publication year

Status:

Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None

Spatial_Domain:

Bounding_Coordinates:

West_Bounding_Coordinate: -123.11107
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.47924
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 49.04608
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 48.64034

Keywords:

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:37072814-94b7-4681-a413-8dcc57512ed6

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning
Theme_Keyword: Physical Habitats and Geomorphology

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Global Change Master Directory (GCMD)
Theme_Keyword: Hazards Planning
Theme_Keyword: Ocean Waves
Theme_Keyword: Ocean Winds
Theme_Keyword: Beaches
Theme_Keyword: Erosion
Theme_Keyword: Sea Level Rise
Theme_Keyword: Storm Surge
Theme_Keyword: Extreme Weather
Theme_Keyword: Floods
Theme_Keyword: Wave Heights

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: Climate Change
Theme_Keyword: Storms
Theme_Keyword: Wind
Theme_Keyword: Floods
Theme_Keyword: Sea-level Change
Theme_Keyword: mathematical modeling
Theme_Keyword: effects of climate change
Theme_Keyword: earth sciences

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: Oceans
Theme_Keyword: climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: sea level change
Theme_Keyword: waves
Theme_Keyword: floods
Theme_Keyword: coastal erosion

Theme:

Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CMHRP
Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: PCMSC

Place:

Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: Whatcom County
Place_Keyword: Bellingham
Place_Keyword: Blaine
Place_Keyword: State of Washington
Place_Keyword: Puget Sound
Place_Keyword: Salish Sea

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes.

Point_of_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Browse_Graphic:

Browse_Graphic_File_Name: waveheight_RP50_SLR0.png
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:

Example map showing the wave height results for the 50-year return period and 0-m sea-level rise scenario.

Browse_Graphic_File_Type: PNG

Data_Set_Credit:

This dataset was funded by the City of Bellingham, Whatcom County, Port of Bellingham, the City of Blaine, United States Environmental Protection Agency, and the United States Geological Survey.

Native_Data_Set_Environment: Matlab version 9.6 running on Microsoft Windows 10.
Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Clifford F. Mass
Originator: Eric P. Salathe
Originator: Richard Steed
Originator: Jeffrey Baars
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:

The Mesoscale Response to Global Warming over the Pacific Northwest Evaluated Using a Regional Climate Model Ensemble

Other_Citation_Details:

Mass, Clifford F., Salath, Eric P, Steed, Richard, and Baars, Jeffrey. 2022. The Mesoscale Response to Global Warming over the Pacific Northwest Evaluated Using a Regional Climate Model Ensemble. Retrieved from https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10327405. Journal of Climate, 35.6 Web.

Online_Linkage: doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0061.1.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Yang Gao
Originator: Ruby L. Leung
Originator: Chun Zhao
Originator: Samson Hagos
Publication_Date: 2017
Title:

Sensitivity of U.S. summer precipitation to model resolution and convective parameterizations across gray zone resolutions

Other_Citation_Details:

Gao, Y., Leung, R.L., Zhao, C., and Hagos, S., 2017, Sensitivity of U.S. summer precipitation to model resolution and convective parameterizations across gray zone resolutions: Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, v. 122, p. 2714-2733.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025896

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Eric E Grossman
Originator: Babak Tehranirad
Originator: Kees Nederhoff
Originator: Sean Crosby
Originator: Andrew W Stevens
Originator: Nathan R VanArendonk
Originator: Daniel Nowacki
Originator: Li Erikson
Originator: Patrick Barnard
Publication_Date: 2023
Title:

Modeling extreme water levels in the Salish Sea: A new method for estimating sea level anomalies for application in hydrodynamic simulations

Other_Citation_Details:

Grossman, E.E., Tehranirad, B., Nederhoff, C.M., Crosby, S.C., Stevens, A.W., Van Arendonk, N.R., Nowacki, D.J., Erikson, L.H., Barnard, P.L. Modeling Extreme Water Levels in the Salish Sea: The Importance of Including Remote Sea Level Anomalies for Application in Hydrodynamic Simulations. Water 2023, 15, 4167. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234167.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Sean C. Crosby
Originator: Kees Nederhoff
Originator: Nathan R. VanArendonk
Originator: Eric E. Grossman
Publication_Date: 2023
Title:

Efficient modeling of long-period wave propagation and short-period wind-wave generation: a comparison of several methods in a semi-enclosed estuary.

Other_Citation_Details:

Crosby, S. C., Nederhoff, K, vanArendonk, N. R., Grossman, E. E. 2023. Efficient modeling of long-period wave propagation and short-period wind-wave generation: a comparison of several methods in a semi-enclosed estuary, Journal of Ocean Modelling, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102231.

Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2023.102231

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Sean C. Crosby
Originator: Eric E. Grossman
Publication_Date: 2019
Title:

Wave observations from nearshore bottom-mounted pressure sensors in Skagit and Bellingham Bays, Washington, USA from Dec 2017 to Feb 2018.

Other_Citation_Details:

Crosby, S.C., and Grossman, E.E., 2019, Wave observations from nearshore bottom-mounted pressure sensors in Skagit and Bellingham Bays, Washington, USA from Dec 2017 to Feb 2018: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9JZ5F00.

Cross_Reference:

Citation_Information:

Originator: Waloddi Weibull
Publication_Date: 1937
Title: Weibull, W. (1939)
Other_Citation_Details:

Weibull, W. (1939) A Statistical Theory of the Strength of Materials, VOL. 151, Generalstabens Litografiska Anstalts Frlag, Stockholm, 45 p.

Data_Quality_Information:

Attribute_Accuracy:

Attribute_Accuracy_Report:

Attribute values are model-derived significant wave heights associated with observed storm conditions validated against observations (Crosby and Grossman, 2019) and projected changes in storms and plausible sea-level rise scenarios which are therefore not validated.

Logical_Consistency_Report: Data have undergone quality checks and meet standards.
Completeness_Report:

Dataset is considered complete for the information presented (as described in the abstract) and will be updated as necessary as improvements are developed. Users are advised to read the metadata record and cited references carefully for additional details.

Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:

Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Data are concurrent with topobathymetric DEM locations.

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:

Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:

Model-derived data are accurate within published uncertainty bounds, indicative of total uncertainty from wind and water level data sources and model processes. This value is spatially variable and dependent on scenario. See Process Steps for details on total contributions to uncertainty.

Lineage:

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Generated a 250-meter Simulating WAves Nearshore SWAN grid for the area of interest as described by Crosby and others (2023).

Process_Date: 20211015

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Wind speeds in the form of hourly wind predictions downscaled to 12 km by the University of Washington from CMIP5 GFDL historical and future climate were further interpolated to a 2.5 km-resolution grid based on Hthe Canadian High-Resolution Deterministic Product System (HRDPS) model (2016-2020, https://eccc-msc.github.io/open-data/msc-data/nwp_hrdps/readme_hrdps_en/) data using an Inverse distance weighting (IDW) method for the nearest 9 points. A correction factor based on the percent difference in wind speed between the GFDL and HRDPS that in general, shows higher wind speeds over water and lower wind speeds over land, was also applied as described by Crosby and others (2023).

Process_Date: 20211015

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Wave heights were generated using a look-up table approach that interpolates pre-computed wave statistics for all plausible combinations of wind speed, direction and water levels derived from the regional 250-meter SWAN model for the time-series wind speed and directions of the 2.5 km resolution hindcast and future projected winds following Crosby and others (2023) and water levels of Grossman and others (2023). Linear wave transformation for swell was not used since swell conditions have a negligible contribution to extreme wave heights in Whatcom County.

Process_Date: 20220615

Process_Step:

Process_Description:

Extreme wave heights were estimated using an empirical approach after Weibull (1937) plotting position for return periods below ten years. For higher return periods, the fitted peak-over-threshold (POT) Generalized Pareto Distribution was utilized to estimate return values for the higher return periods, an established approach to increase the confidence of such estimates since the record length was limited to 85 years. Extreme wave heights for the 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 50- and 100-yr return periods and sea level rise scenarios of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 5.0 m are included in geotiff format.

Process_Date: 20220615

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:

Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:

Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Row_Count: 323
Column_Count: 216

Spatial_Reference_Information:

Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Planar:

Grid_Coordinate_System:

Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

UTM_Zone_Number: 10
Transverse_Mercator:

Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.00000
Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.00000
False_Easting: 500000.0
False_Northing: 0.00

Planar_Coordinate_Information:

Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
Coordinate_Representation:

Abscissa_Resolution: 250
Ordinate_Resolution: 250

Planar_Distance_Units: Meters

Geodetic_Model:

Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983
Ellipsoid_Name: GRS 1980
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101

Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

Altitude_System_Definition:

Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Altitude_Resolution: 0.01
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Altitude_Encoding_Method:

Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:

Detailed_Description:

Entity_Type:

Entity_Type_Label: wave height
Entity_Type_Definition: geoTIFF files contain projections of flood-hazard wave heights
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Producer defined

Attribute:

Attribute_Label: height
Attribute_Definition:

wave height associated with corresponding scenario of sea-level rise (SLR) and storm return period (RP) indicated

Attribute_Definition_Source: model-derived
Attribute_Domain_Values:

Range_Domain:

Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.0
Range_Domain_Maximum: 6.2
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute_Measurement_Resolution: 0.1

Overview_Description:

Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

The data contain wave heights. Return periods cover once-a-year storms (RP0001), every 5 (RP0005), every 10 (RP0010), every 20 (RP0020), every 50 (RP0050) and every 100 years (RP0100) storms. File names reflect the attribute (waveheight), the area of the projection (county), the return period (RP) of storm conditions and sea-level rise (SLR) scenario. SLR scenarios are listed in centimeters and range from no SLR (SLR000) to a SLR of 500 cm (SLR500). For example, waveheights_D1_RP0100_SLR200 contains the wave heights for Whatcom County (D1) during a one hundred-year storm and sea level rise of 200 cm (2 m). Data are shown across the open and coastal waterways of the county and are spatially consistent for coastal flood hazards of the same scenario (see the flood hazard layers contained in Projections of coastal flood hazards and flood potential for Whatcom County, also available in this data release).

Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none

Distribution_Information:

Distributor:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - CMGDS

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Resource_Description:

The data contain wave heights. Return periods cover once-a-year storms (RP0001), every 5 (RP0005), every 10 (RP0010), every 20 (RP0020), every 50 (RP0050) and every 100 years (RP0100) storms. File names reflect the attribute (waveheight), the area of the projection (county; D1=Whatcom), the return period (RP) of storm conditions and sea-level rise (SLR) scenario. SLR scenarios are listed in centimeters and range from no SLR (SLR000) to a SLR of 500 cm (SLR500). For example, waveheights_D1_RP0100_SLR200 contains the wave heights for Whatcom County (D1) during a one hundred-year storm and sea level rise of 200 cm (2 m). Data are shown across the open and coastal waterways of the county and are spatially consistent for coastal flood hazards of the same scenario (see the flood hazard layers contained in Projections of coastal flood hazards and flood potential for Whatcom County, also available in this data release).

Distribution_Liability:

Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.

Standard_Order_Process:

Digital_Form:

Digital_Transfer_Information:

Format_Name: raster
Format_Information_Content:

Zip file contains the raster files of wave height for each storm and sea level rise scenario.

File_Decompression_Technique: No compression applied.
Transfer_Size: 12.9

Digital_Transfer_Option:

Online_Option:

Computer_Contact_Information:

Network_Address:

Network_Resource_Name: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9I08NS5
Network_Resource_Name:

https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5633fea2e4b048076347f1cf

Access_Instructions:

Data and metadata can be downloaded using the first Network_Resource_Name link and scrolling down to the Simulation Data section. The second link points to the community landing page for the entire CoSMoS project.

Fees: None.

Technical_Prerequisites: These data can be viewed with GIS software.

Metadata_Reference_Information:

Metadata_Date: 20240213
Metadata_Contact:

Contact_Information:

Contact_Organization_Primary:

Contact_Organization:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

Contact_Address:

Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060

Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/CMGDS_DR_tool/DR_P9I08NS5/D1_waveGEV_CoSMoS_WA_metadata.html>