X-ray diffraction data for oxidized subsamples from the Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge)

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
X-ray diffraction data for oxidized subsamples from the Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge)
Abstract:
This data release contains x-ray diffraction data of rock samples collected from the Escanaba Trough hydrothermal vent field, Gorda Ridge, in the northeast Pacific Ocean. These data were collected in 2022 on expedition TN403 (USGS Field Activity 2022-621-FA). Samples were taken to the USGS Pacific Coastal Marine Science Center for subsampling and x-ray diffraction analyses. Powder x-ray diffraction data for the rind layer of the rocks are provided in this dataset. Location information (latitude, longitude, depth) for each sample are provided in each Attribute Definition of this metadata file.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2022-621-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Shapiro, Isabelle M., Favela, Jaycee, Adamczyk, Katlin Bowman, and Gartman, Amy, 20260403, X-ray diffraction data for oxidized subsamples from the Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge): data release DOI: 10.5066/P1DJPX9G, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Shapiro, Isabelle M., Favela, Jaycee, Adamczyk, Katlin Bowman, and Gartman, Amy, 2026, Geochemistry and x-ray diffraction data of rock samples from the Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge): data release DOI: 10.5066/P1DJPX9G, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested Citation: Shapiro, I. M., Favela, J., Adamczyk, K.B., and Gartman, A., 2026, Geochemistry and x-ray diffraction data of rock samples from the Escanaba Trough (Gorda Ridge): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P1DJPX9G.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -127.5392
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -127.4506
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.0816
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.6962
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 24-May-2022
    Ending_Date: 29-Dec-2025
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition at the time data were collected through last process step was completed
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (3823)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    TN403_oxidized_XRD.csv
    Comma-delimited file containing results from x-ray diffraction analyses of oxidized rind subsamples. Location information for the samples are included in each Attribute Definition of this metadata file and not the data table. The header for each column of diffraction data is a sample name. The marine subsamples headers follows the scheme of Dive#-Rock#-rind (for example, J2-1424-R07-rind is ROV Jason dive number J2-1424, rock number 7, rind composition). Deviations from this naming convention include samples ending in _carbon, which indicate a graphitic tar composition, and samples ending in colors such as _orange_black_rind, which indicate the specific color of the oxidized layer that was subsampled. (Source: Producer defined)
    Position
    The two-theta angle at which the x-ray diffractometer measured the X-ray diffraction of the powdered sample. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.0084
    Maximum:69.9824
    Units:degrees
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1417_R01_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1417_R01_rind is 40.7136, -127.523, and 3221 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:30.3878
    Maximum:1936.2250
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1418_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1418_R02_rind is 41.0002, -127.4945, and 3272 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.2838
    Maximum:379.0000
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1418_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1418_R03_rind is 40.7902, -127.5054, and 3229 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:24.1419
    Maximum:545.2418
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1418_R05_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1418_R05_rind is 41.0413, -127.501, and 3285 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12.9299
    Maximum:966.5368
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R02_rind is 41.0805, -127.4522, and 3202 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12.1457
    Maximum:1662.0650
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R06_rind is 41.0654, -127.4952, and 3284 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.5878
    Maximum:4289.4588
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1421_R01_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1421_R01_rind is 40.6987, -127.528, and 3232 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:8.4432
    Maximum:3221.9425
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1421_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1421_R02_rind is 40.6987, -127.5279, and 3232 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:37.0239
    Maximum:1219.1107
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1421_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1421_R03_rind is 41.0031, -127.4932, and 3225 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:13.3137
    Maximum:5921.9783
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1421_R04_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1421_R04_rind is 40.6987, -127.5279, and 3232 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12.1702
    Maximum:328.0000
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1421_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1421_R06_rind is 40.6962, -127.5276, and 3221 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:79.0600
    Maximum:2336.2231
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1422_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1422_R02_rind is 40.7745, -127.5356, and 3225 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:8.8267
    Maximum:1561.5333
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1422_R04_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1422_R04_rind is 40.8891, -127.517, and 3319 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:10.4917
    Maximum:2736.8653
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1422_R05_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1422_R05_rind is 40.7719, -127.5392, and 3226 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:14.0311
    Maximum:514.1447
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1422_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1422_R06_rind is 41.0003, -127.4944, and 3219 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:13.8691
    Maximum:1056.7785
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R01_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R01_rind is 40.9952, -127.4892, and 3232 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:12.5265
    Maximum:448.1928
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R03_rind is 40.792, -127.5005, and 3237 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:24.2932
    Maximum:425.9570
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R04_PartB_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R04_PartB_rind is 40.7133, -127.5204, and 3224 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.3846
    Maximum:1491.6003
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R06_rind is 40.7133, -127.5204, and 3224 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:20.2589
    Maximum:615.9267
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1424_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1424_R03_rind is 40.7902, -127.5054, and 3229 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:10.1723
    Maximum:384.2188
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1424_R07_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1424_R07_rind is 40.6983, -127.5286, and 3232 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:15.0092
    Maximum:396.5120
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1425_R04_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1425_R04_rind is 41.0636, -127.4991, and 3314 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.2085
    Maximum:2360.0516
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1425_R05_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1425_R05_rind is 40.9958, -127.4896, and 3227 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:14.1334
    Maximum:1318.4673
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1425_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1425_R06_rind is 41.0031, -127.4932, and 3225 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:7.8210
    Maximum:404.0000
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1426_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1426_R03_rind is 41.0816, -127.4506, and 3209 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5.6930
    Maximum:1510.3495
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R01_orange_black_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R01_orange_black_rind is 41.0801, -127.4518, and 3198 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9.1409
    Maximum:371.1361
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R01_red_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R01_red_rind is 41.0801, -127.4518, and 3198 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9.0130
    Maximum:370.9874
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R03_Innerburned
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R03_Innerburned is 40.792, -127.5005, and 3237 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:18.6515
    Maximum:393.8554
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1419_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1419_R02_rind is 40.7909, -127.5022, and 3233 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:24.5784
    Maximum:1357.7693
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1419_R04_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1419_R04_rind is 40.8895, -127.5177, and 3283 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:26.6605
    Maximum:608.4805
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R03_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R03_rind is 41.0002, -127.4945, and 3272 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:17.2046
    Maximum:485.9866
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1420_R04_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1420_R04_rind is 40.8894, -127.5176, and 3282 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:10.1298
    Maximum:3121.5995
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R02_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R02_rind is 40.772, -127.4974, and 3239 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:13.5262
    Maximum:435.4088
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R04_PartA_carbon
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R04_PartA_carbon is 40.9943, -127.5063, and 3270 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:29.1092
    Maximum:4704.5304
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R07_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R07_rind is 40.7133, -127.5204, and 3224 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:18.7046
    Maximum:4317.5389
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1424_R01_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1424_R01_rind is 40.9958, -127.4896, and 3227 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:49.6419
    Maximum:1636.8768
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1424_R06_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1424_R06_rind is 40.7746, -127.5358, and 3223 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9.4285
    Maximum:352.0628
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1424_R08_carbon
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1424_R08_carbon is 41.0413, -127.501, and 3284 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:28.7036
    Maximum:771.3169
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1425_R01_rind
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1425_R01_rind is 40.7967, -127.5056, and 3211 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:19.2503
    Maximum:347.4691
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R04_PartB_bulk-oxidized
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R04_PartB_bulk-oxidized is 40.7133, -127.5204, and 3224 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:11.1886
    Maximum:379.3504
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    J2_1423_R04_PartA
    X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample J2_1423_R04_PartA is 40.7133, -127.5204, and 3224 m water depth (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:4.2779
    Maximum:249.0670
    Units:counts
    Resolution:0.0001
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Isabelle M. Shapiro
    • Jaycee Favela
    • Katlin Bowman Adamczyk
    • Amy Gartman
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These data serve to expand the knowledge and statistics for deep ocean marine mineral occurrences and composition within the US Exclusive Economic Zone and global ocean.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 13-Jun-2022 (process 1 of 4)
    Rock samples were collected on the R/V Thomas G. Thompson between May 24, 2022, and June 13, 2022, during the TN403 Escanaba Trough expedition, which was led and staffed by USGS employees. Rocks were collected from the seafloor using the ROV Jason's manipulator arm at water depths between 3192 and 3319 meters. Rock samples were frozen immediately upon recovery from the ROV, stored frozen, and shipped on ice to the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center in Santa Cruz, CA.
    Date: 24-Aug-2023 (process 2 of 4)
    In the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Global Seabed Mineral Resources Lab, rock samples were subsampled, freeze dried, then ground to a powder (approximately 75 micrometers) using a shatterbox and ceramic-lined bowls and ceramic pucks. Ceramic-lined bowls and pucks were cleaned thoroughly with quartz powder and detergents between samples to avoid cross-contamination.
    Date: 30-Aug-2023 (process 3 of 4)
    Powdered samples were backloaded and tamped into sample holders and run in a Panalytical X Pert3 x-ray diffractometer (XRD; https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/) with CuK-alpha radiation and graphite monochromator. Measurements were taken at intervals of 0.2 degrees 2-theta between 4 degrees and 70 degrees 2-theta at 40 kilovolts and 45 milliamps.
    Date: 29-Dec-2025 (process 4 of 4)
    Results from the diffraction analyses were combined into a comma-delimited text values document (TN403_Oxidized_XRD.csv). Data sources used in this process:
    • results
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    X-ray diffraction data were tested for accuracy by intermittently analyzing a powdered quartz reference sample to verify the one hundred intensity peak at 26.6 degrees two-theta. When the quartz peak was in the proper position, we infer that other measured peak positions in the sample are accurate. Peak intensities are considered semiquantitative since no quantitative standards were analyzed for this dataset.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    The location of rock samples were determined using ROV Jason's ultra-short baseline (USBL) navigation. Accuracy for this depth is approximately 6-26 meters. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    Vertical accuracy was determined with ROV Jason's altimeter, which is accurate to less than 1 m. No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Validity of XRD data verified by comparing returned peaks to values based on expected minerology from each sample location and type.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints No access constraints
Use_Constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. These data are marked with a Creative Common CC0 1.0 Universal License. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in .csv format contained in a single file.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
    • Availability in digital form:
      Data format: File contains table in .csv format in format comma-delimited text (version Microsoft Excel 16.16.17 for Mac) Size: 1.28
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P1DJPX9G
    • Cost to order the data: None.

  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with Microsoft Excel or any text reader.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 03-Apr-2026
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P1DJPX9G/TN403_Oxidized_XRD_Metadata.faq.html>
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