Projected open water seasons using four global climate models for 2011 to 2100 fronting Arey Lagoon and Barter Island, Alaska

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Projected open water seasons using four global climate models for 2011 to 2100 fronting Arey Lagoon and Barter Island, Alaska
Abstract:
Estimated start date, end date, and duration of open water at a location fronting Barter Island, Alaska derived from projected sea ice extents in 4 global climate models: MIROC5, BCC-CSM1.1, INM-CM4, and GFDL-ESM2M. Starting and ending dates are when sea ice retreated or is projected to retreat offshore by more than 80 kilometers fronting Barter Island. Projected coastal storm events were derived by downscaling atmospheric conditions of the RCP 4.5 climate scenario with the MIROC5 global climate model (GCM). Sea ice retreat distances were estimated from 4 separate GCMs: MIROC5, BCC-CSM1.1, INM-CM4, GFDL-CM3.
Supplemental_Information:
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Erikson, Li H., Gibbs, Ann E., Richmond, Bruce M., Jones, Benjamin M., Storlazzi, Curt D., and Ohman, Karin A., 20201207, Projected open water seasons using four global climate models for 2011 to 2100 fronting Arey Lagoon and Barter Island, Alaska: data release DOI:10.5066/P9LGYO2Q, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Erikson, Li H., Gibbs, Ann E., Richmond, Bruce M., Jones, Benjamin M., Storlazzi, Curt D., and Ohman, Karin A., 2020, Modeled 21st century storm surge, waves, and coastal flood hazards, and supporting oceanographic and geological field data (2010 and 2011) for Arey and Barter Islands, Alaska and vicinity: data release DOI:10.5066/P9LGYO2Q, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -144.014864
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -143.666509
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.114203
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 70.028589
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 01-Jan-1981
    Ending_Date: 31-Dec-2100
    Currentness_Reference:
    publication date
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (90)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.00001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is WGS84.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS84.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    BTI_OpenWaterSeasons_2011-2100.csv
    Projected start, end, and duration of open water season (Source: Producer defined)
    Longitude
    Longitude coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-143.68513
    Maximum:-143.68513
    Units:Decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.00001
    Latitude
    Latitude coordinate (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:70.45649
    Maximum:70.45649
    Units:Decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.00001
    Year
    Year of projection (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2011
    Maximum:2100
    Units:Year
    Resolution:1
    MFirstOWD
    First day of open water from MIROC5 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:155
    Maximum:261
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    MLastOWD
    Last day of open water from MIROC5 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:277
    Maximum:348
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    MTotalOWD
    Total number of days of open water from MIROC5 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:16
    Maximum:186
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    BFirstOWD
    First day of open water from BCC-CSM1.1 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:5
    Maximum:250
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    BLastOWD
    Last day of open water from BCC-CSM1.1 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:283
    Maximum:364
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    BTotalOWD
    Total number of days of open water from BCC-CSM1.1 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:36
    Maximum:325
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    IFirstOWD
    First day of open water from INM-CM4 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:98
    Maximum:243
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    ILastOWD
    Last day of open water from INM-CM4 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:238
    Maximum:350
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    ITotalOWD
    Total number of days of open water from INM-CM4 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:44
    Maximum:228
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    GFirstOWD
    First day of open water from GFDL-CM3 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:150
    Maximum:226
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    GLastOWD
    Last day of open water from GFDL-CM3 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:281
    Maximum:357
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    GTotalOWD
    Total number of days of open water from GFDL-CM3 GCM (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:68
    Maximum:188
    Units:Julian day
    Resolution:1
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Li H. Erikson
    • Ann E. Gibbs
    • Bruce M. Richmond
    • Benjamin M. Jones
    • Curt D. Storlazzi
    • Karin A. Ohman
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Arctic Landscape Conservation Cooperative (ALCC), U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Data were generated to estimate future ocean storm conditions (magnitude and frequency), coastal flooding potentials, and barrier island migration rates, for the 21st century and assess changes with respect to past conditions.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    CMIP5 (source 1 of 5)
    Taylor, K.E., Stouffer, R.J., and Meehl, G.A., 2012, An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, online.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Taylor, K.E., Stouffer, R.J., and Meehl, G.A., 2012, An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 93, no. 4, p. 485-498.
    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Resources
    Source_Contribution: Source was used in the numerical model
    NARR dataset (source 2 of 5)
    Mesinger, F., DiMego, G., Kalnay, E., Mitchell, K., Shafran, P.C., Ebisuzaki, W., Jovi, D., Woollen, J., Rogers, E., Berbery, E.H., Ek, M.B., Fan, Y., Grumbine, R., Higgins, W., Li, H., Lin, Y., Manikin, G., Parrish, D., and Shi, W., 2006, North American Regional Reanalysis: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, online.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Mesinger, F., DiMego, G., Kalnay, E., Mitchell, K., Shafran, P.C. , Ebisuzaki, W., Jovi?, D. , Woollen, J. Rogers, E., Berbery, E.H., Ek, M.B. , Fan, Y., Grumbine, R., Higgins, W., Li, H. , Lin, Y., Manikin, G., Parrish, D., and Shi, W., 2006, North American Regional Reanalysis: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 87, p. 343-360.
    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Resources
    Source_Contribution: Source was used in the numerical model
    Wave projections (source 3 of 5)
    Erikson, L.H., Hegermiller, C.E., Barnard, P.L., and Storlazzi, C.D., 2016, Wave Projections for United States Mainland Coasts: U.S. Geological Survey, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    Wave projection data were used as boundary conditions to the numerical modeling done as part of the Arey/BTI study.
    Alaska regional DEM (source 4 of 5)
    Danielson, S., Johnson, M., Solomon, S., and Perrie, W., 2008, Gridded Bathymetric Dataset Based on Ship Soundings. A research tool for the waters of eastern Russia, Alaska & western Canada: University of Alaska, Fairbanks, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    The Alaska regional DEM was used to populate the bathymetry of the larger scale numerical models beyond the extents of the DEM produced as part of this study.
    NOAA OAR ESRL PSD sea ice maps (source 5 of 5)
    National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division (NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD), 2013, Optimum Interpolation (OI) Sea Surface Temperature (SST) V2: NOAA, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    Sea ice extents were used to inform the model of how much fetch were available at any given time.
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 20-Oct-2011 (process 1 of 2)
    Sea-ice extent for the hindcast period 1981-2010 were obtained from NOAA OAR ESRL PSD sea ice maps. Sea-ice extents from 2011 to the end of the 21st century were obtained from four GCMs (MIROC5, BCC-CSM1.1, INM-CM4, GFDL-CM3; Taylor and others 2012). Starting and ending dates are defined as when sea ice retreated or is projected to retreat offshore by more than 80 kilometers fronting Barter Island. The spatio-temporally varying maps were also used to inform the model of how much fetch was available at any given time to compute wind-wave growth. Data sources used in this process:
    • CMIP5
    • NARR dataset
    • Wave projections
    • Alaska regional DEM
    • NOAA OAR ESRL PSD sea ice maps
    Date: 13-Oct-2021 (process 2 of 2)
    Performed minor edits to the metadata to correct typos. No data were changed Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Susan A. Cochran
    Geologist
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Erikson, Li H., Gibbs, Ann E., Richmond, Bruce M., Storlazzi, Curt D., Jones, Benjamin M., and Ohman, Karin A., 2020, Changing Storm Conditions in Response to Projected 21st Century Climate Change Scenarios and the Potential Impact on an Arctic Barrier Island Lagoon System: A Pilot Study for Arey Island and Lagoon, Eastern Arctic Alaska.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Erikson, L.H., Gibbs, A.E., Richmond, B.M., Storlazzi, C.D., Jones, B.M., and Ohman, K.A., 2020, Changing storm conditions in response to projected 21st century climate change and the potential impact on an arctic barrier island–lagoon system—A pilot study for Arey Island and Lagoon, eastern Arctic Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File report 2020-1142

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    A formal accuracy assessment was not conducted. Results are within the expected range.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Data have been checked for duplications and omissions.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in csv format contained in a single zip file which also includes CSDGM FGDC compliant metadata.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with any text reading software.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 13-Oct-2021
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_P9LGYO2Q/BTI_OpenWaterSeasons_2011-2100_metadata.faq.html>
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