Aerial imagery from the UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, 24 June 2018

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Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Joshua B. Logan
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Publication_Date: 20220321
Title:
Aerial imagery from the UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, 24 June 2018
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: JPEG
Series_Information:
Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9XZT1FK
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place:
Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XZT1FK
Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Joshua B. Logan
Originator: Curt D. Storlazzi
Publication_Date: 2022
Title:
Aerial imagery and structure-from-motion-derived shallow water bathymetry from a UAS survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, June 2018
Series_Information:
Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9XZT1FK
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9XZT1FK
Online_Linkage:
Description:
Abstract:
This portion of the data release presents raw aerial imagery collected during an unoccupied aerial system (UAS) survey of the coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, on 24 June 2018. The imagery was acquired using a Department of Interior-owned 3DR Solo quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The camera was mounted in a nadir orientation using a fixed mount. Before each flight, the camera’s digital ISO, aperture, and shutter speed were adjusted for ambient light conditions. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines spaced to provide approximately 75 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines. The UAS was flown at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of 2.6 centimeters per pixel. The camera was triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. A total of five flights were conducted for the survey between 16:40 and 17:45 UTC (06:40 and 07:45 HST). Flight F01 was a reconnaissance flight, and no mapping imagery was collected. Flights F02 and F03 were conducted at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in complete coverage of the mapping area with a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of approximately 2.5 centimeters per pixel. Flights F04 and F05 were conducted using the same flight lines and altitudes of F02 and F03, but the camera was fitted with a circular polarizing filter to reduced reflections and provide improved imaging of the seafloor through the water surface. After acquisition, the images were renamed to include flight number and acquisition time in the file name. The coordinates of the approximate image acquisition location were added ('geotagged') to the image metadata (EXIF) using the telemetry log from the UAS onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS. The image EXIF was also updated to include additional information related to the acquisition. Although the images were recorded in both JPG and camera raw (Adobe DNG) formats, only the JPG images are provided in this data release. The data release includes a total of 1,665 JPG images. Images from takeoff and landing sequences were not used for processing and have been omitted from the data release. The images from each flight are provided in a zip file named with the flight number. The zip files containing the imagery collected with the circular polarizing filter are named with '_CPF' to distinguish them from the files with imagery collected without a filter.
Purpose:
These data were collected to characterize the morphology and rugosity of the shallow fringing coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, Hawaii, as part of a larger USGS study of nearshore circulation and hydrodynamic properties of coral reefs. The orthomosaic images can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) software for research purposes.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activity from which these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-617-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20180624
Currentness_Reference: ground condition at time data were collected
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.15679
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -157.15388
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.09352
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 21.08451
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Data Categories for Marine Planning
Theme_Keyword: Substrate
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: topography
Theme_Keyword: topographic maps
Theme_Keyword: remote sensing
Theme_Keyword: geomorphology
Theme_Keyword: aerial photography
Theme_Keyword: image mosaics
Theme_Keyword: geospatial datasets
Theme_Keyword: structure from motion
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: photography
Theme_Keyword: remote sensing
Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography
Theme_Keyword: altimetry
Theme_Keyword: orthophotography
Theme_Keyword: coastal processes
Theme_Keyword: reef
Theme_Keyword: fringing reef
Theme_Keyword: coral reefs
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CHMRP
Theme_Keyword: Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: PCMSC
Theme_Keyword: UAS
Theme_Keyword: Unmanned aerial system
Theme_Keyword: Structure-from-motion
Theme_Keyword: SfM
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:61957726d34eb622f69093a1
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System (GNIS)
Place_Keyword: State of Hawaii
Place_Keyword: Molokai
Place_Keyword: Maui County
Place_Keyword: Waiakane
Place_Keyword: Kalohi Channel
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data. This information is not intended for navigation purposes.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Example aerial image from the Waiakane UAS survey.
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
The Ricoh GR II cameras used to acquire these images produce a nominal image size of 16.2 megapixels in both JPG and camera raw (Adobe DNG) image formats. The image acquisition time stamp is recorded to the image metadata (EXIF) with a precision of 1 second. The UAS onboard GPS is a single-frequency autonomous receiver which records positions to the telemetry log at 1 second intervals, with an approximate accuracy of 3 meters horizontally and 10 meters vertically. The geotagging operation uses the image time stamp to derive the image acquisition location by finding the nearest location recorded at the time of acquisition. To reduce the potential for timing errors during the geotagging process, the image time stamps were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image time stamps with several images taken of a smartphone app ('Emerald Time') showing accurate time from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. For this survey, + 00:00:02 (2 seconds) were added to the image time to synchronize with corrected UTC time. The adjusted time stamp was only used for geotagging; the original image time stamp was retained in the image EXIF and file name. The positions stored in the EXIF are in the WGS84 (G1150) coordinate reference system (EPSG:7660), with elevation in meters relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Photographs were renamed using a custom python script to include flight number, image acquisition date and time in Universal Coordinated Time (UTC), camera ID, and original image ID number. The image EXIF were also updated to include additional information related to the acquisition. Some photographs may be auto-rotated by certain viewing software, but the original image orientation is the same for all images.
Completeness_Report:
Five flights were conducted with during the survey. Flights F01 was for reconnaissance purposes and no mapping imagery was collected. The imagery from each flight was stored separately, and the flights were renamed for organizational purposes. The camera shutter was triggered at 1 Hz by a built-in intervalometer which was started before takeoff and stopped after landing. Images from the takeoff and landing sequences were not used in data processing and are not included in this data release.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
The horizontal positions stored in the EXIF image metadata were derived with a 'geotagging' process using the image time stamps and the uncorrected positions recorded in the telemetry log of the UAS from the onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS (mRobotics GPS u-Blox Neo-M8N / 3DR SOLO Upgrade). To reduce the potential for timing errors during the geotagging process, the image time stamps were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image time stamps with several images taken of a smartphone app ('Emerald Time') showing accurate time from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. The horizontal positions are estimated to be accurate to approximately 3 meters. However, it should be noted that for some images the error may exceed this estimate due to GPS errors or timing errors associated with the geotagging process.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
The vertical positions stored in the EXIF image metadata were derived with a 'geotagging' process using the image time stamps and the uncorrected positions recorded in the telemetry log of the UAS from the onboard single-frequency autonomous GPS (mRobotics GPS u-Blox Neo-M8N / 3DR SOLO Upgrade). To reduce the potential for timing errors during the geotagging process, the image time stamps were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image time stamps with several images taken of a smartphone app ('Emerald Time') showing accurate time from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. The horizontal positions are estimated to be accurate to approximately 10 meters. However, it should be noted that for some images the error may exceed this estimate due to GPS errors or timing errors associated with the geotagging process.
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Aerial imagery was collected using a Department of Interior-owned 3DR Solo quadcopter fitted with a Ricoh GR II digital camera featuring a global shutter. The UAS was flown on pre-programmed autonomous flight lines which were oriented roughly shore-normal and were spaced to provide approximately 75 percent overlap between images from adjacent lines, at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL). The camera was triggered at 1 Hz using a built-in intervalometer. Before each flight, the camera’s digital ISO, aperture, and shutter speed were adjusted for ambient light conditions. A total of five flights were conducted for the survey between 16:40 and 17:45 UTC (06:40 and 07:45 HST). Flight F01 was a reconnaissance flight, and no mapping imagery was collected during the flight. Flights F02 and F03 were conducted at an approximate altitude of 100 meters above ground level (AGL), resulting in complete coverage of the mapping area with a nominal ground-sample-distance (GSD) of approximately 2.5 centimeters per pixel. Flights F04 and F05 were conducted using the same flight lines and altitudes of F02 and F03, but the camera was fitted with a circular polarizing filter to reduced reflections and provide improved imaging of the seafloor through the water surface. Only the images collected without the polarizing filter (F02 and F03) were used for the creation of the orthomosaic presented in this data release.
Process_Date: 20180624
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Joshua Logan
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Position: Physical Scientist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Country: US
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 831-427-4748
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The image files were renamed using a custom python script. The file names were formed using the following pattern Fx-YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ_Ryz.*, where: - Fx = Flight number - YYYYMMDDThhmmssZ = date and time in the ISO 8601 standard, where 'T' separates the date from the time, and 'Z' denotes UTC ('Zulu') time. - Ry = RA or RB to distinguish camera 'RicohA' from 'RicohB' - z = original image name assigned by camera during acquisition - * = file extension (JPG or DNG)
The approximate image acquisition coordinates were added to the image metadata (EXIF) ('geotagged') using the image timestamp and the telemetry logs from the UAS onboard single-frequency 1-Hz autonomous GPS. The geotagging process was done using the GeoSetter software package. To improve timestamp accuracy, the image acquisition times were adjusted to true ('corrected') UTC time by comparing the image timestamps with several images taken of a smartphone app ('Emerald Time') showing accurate time from Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. For this survey, + 00:00:02 (2 seconds) were added to the image timestamp to synchronize with UTC time. The positions stored in the EXIF are in geographic coordinates referenced to the WGS84(G1150) coordinate reference system (EPSG:7660), with elevation in meters relative to the WGS84 ellipsoid.
Additional information was added to the EXIF using the command-line 'exiftool' software with the following command: exiftool ^ -P ^ -Copyright="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -CopyrightNotice="Public Domain. Please credit U.S. Geological Survey." ^ -ImageDescription="Low-altitude aerial image of the shallow coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Caption-Abstract="Coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Caption="Aerial image of the shallow coral reef off Waiakane, Molokai, HI, USA, from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -sep ", " ^ -keywords="coral reef, Molokai, Maui County, Hawaii, Waiakane, 2018-617-FA, Unmanned Aircraft System, UAS, drone, aerial imagery, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center" ^ -comment="Low-altitude aerial image from USGS Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) survey 2018-617-FA." ^ -Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" ^ -Contact="pcmsc_data@usgs.gov" ^ -Artist="U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center"
Process_Date: 2018
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Joshua Logan
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-460-7519
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jlogan@usgs.gov
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
Raster_Object_Information:
Raster_Object_Type: Pixel
Row_Count: 3264
Column_Count: 4352
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Geographic:
Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Altitude_System_Definition:
Altitude_Datum_Name: WGS84 Ellipsoid
Altitude_Resolution: 0.01
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
There are no additional attributes besides the tags described in data quality section associated with these images.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS Field Activity 2018-617-FA
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing address
Address: Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
City: Denver
State_or_Province: CO
Postal_Code: 80225
Country: United States
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-275-8747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sciencebase@usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
The aerial images from four flights conducted during the UAS survey are available in JPG format. The images from each flight are combined into a zip file with the flight number in the file name.
Distribution_Liability:
Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: JPEG
Format_Information_Content:
Zipped files contain geotagged aerial images acquired during a UAS survey by the U.S. Geological Survey.
File_Decompression_Technique: WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip
Transfer_Size: 3.12
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information: Access_Instructions:
Data can be downloaded using the Network_Resource_Name links. The first four links are direct links to the zip files with the images from each flight. Transfer sizes of the zip files range between 1.5 GB to 3.12 GB. The fifth link points to a landing page with the image zip files, metadata, and a browse image. The last link points to the landing page for the entire data release, including links to pages of the various data files.
Fees: None.
Technical_Prerequisites:
The downloadable data files are available in zipped JPG file format. Image processing and viewing software can be used to open and view the files.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20220321
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Organization_Primary:
Contact_Organization:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Contact_Person: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: 2885 Mission Street
City: Santa Cruz
State_or_Province: CA
Postal_Code: 95060
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 831-427-4747
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998

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