Sedimentologic Data from Vibracores Collected in 2023 from St. Andrew Bay, Florida

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   Wei, Emily A., Randall, Samuel, Bernier, Julie C., Everhart, Cheyenne S., and DeWitt, Nancy T., 20241120, Sedimentologic Data from Vibracores Collected in 2023 from St. Andrew Bay, Florida:.

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Wei, Emily A., Randall, Samuel, Bernier, Julie, Everhart, Cheyenne S., and DeWitt, Nancy T., 20241120, Sedimentologic Data From Vibracores Collected in 2023 From St. Andrew Bay, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P1AFJDNE, U.S. Geological Survey – St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P1AFJDNE

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -85.5436
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -85.4743
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.0895
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 30.0247
   

3. What does it look like?
4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Beginning_Date: 24-Apr-2023

   Ending_Date: 25-Apr-2023

   Currentness_Reference:

   ground condition

5. What is the general form of this data set?

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (11)
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      

      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

      UTM_Zone_Number: 16
      Transverse_Mercator:

      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -87.0
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0
      False_Easting: 500000.0
      False_Northing: 0.0
      

      Planar coordinates are encoded using Coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.001
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.001
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meters
      The horizontal datum used is North American Datum 1983.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodectic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      

      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:

      Altitude_System_Definition:

      Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum 1988
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.01
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meter
      Altitude_Encoding_Method: Attribute values
      

7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   2023-309-FA_CoreSites.csv, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.xlsx, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites_UTM16N.shp, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.kmz

   Files containing the site locations and core parameters for 2023-309-FA vibracores. Files are provided in Microsoft Excel (.xlsx), comma-separated values (.csv), Esri shapefile (.shp), and zipped keyhole markup language (.kmz) formats in 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.zip. (Source: USGS)

   FID

   Internal feature number (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute included only in the shapefile.

   Shape

   Feature geometry (Source: Esri) Geometry type defining the features. Attribute included only in the shapefile.

   SiteID

   Site identification number. (Source: USGS) Character string using the following convention: FAN-VC##, where the FAN is 2023-309-FA, and VC is the abbreviation for vibracore and ## is the unique core site number; for example, 2023-309-FA-VC01.

   AltID

   Alternate site identification information. (Source: USGS) Character string using the following convention: VC##, where VC is the abbreviation for vibracore and ## is the unique core site number; for example, VC01.

   Location1

   General description of core collection location. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   St. Andrew Bay, FL	The vibracores were collected in St. Andrew Bay, Florida.

   Location2

   Localized description of core collection location. (Source: USGS) Character string describing the local study area where the vibracore was collected; for example, Baker Point, East Bay.

   Date_Coll

   Date the core was collected, written as DD-MON-YYYY (2-digit day, 3-letter month, 4-digit year). (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	24-Apr-2023
   Maximum:	25-Apr-2023

   Lat_NAD83

   Latitude of core collection location, in decimal degrees (NAD83). (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	30.02470
   Maximum:	30.08950
   Units:	Decimal degrees
   Resolution:	0.00001

   Lon_NAD83

   Longitude of core collection location, in decimal degrees (NAD83). (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	-85.54360
   Maximum:	-85.47430
   Units:	Decimal degrees
   Resolution:	0.00001

   X_UTM16N

   X-coordinate (easting) of site location, in meters (NAD83, UTM zone 16N) (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	640349.038
   Maximum:	647121.196
   Units:	Meters
   Resolution:	0.001

   Y_UTM16N

   Y-coordinate (northing) of site location, in meters (NAD83, UTM zone 16N) (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	3322497.345
   Maximum:	3329613.938
   Units:	Meters
   Resolution:	0.001

   Ortho_G12B

   Elevation (orthometric height) of site location, in meters (NAVD88) defined using the GEOID12B model. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	-5.88264
   Maximum:	-3.68808
   Units:	Meters
   Resolution:	0.0001

   Length_cm

   Vibracore length, in centimeters. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	207
   Maximum:	549
   Units:	Centimeters
   Resolution:	1

   Penetration_cm

   Depth vibracore penetrated below the sediment surface, in centimeters. This is equal to core length plus core compaction. Due to character limitations, this is shortened to "Penetratio" in .shp and .kmz files. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	207
   Maximum:	549
   Units:	Centimeters

   2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.csv, 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.xlsx

   Files containing loss on ignition data for 2023-309-FA vibracore samples. Files are provided in Microsoft Excel (.xlsx, with each core in a separate tab) and comma-separated values (.csv) formats in 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.zip. (Source: USGS)

   CoreID

   Vibracore identification information. (Source: USGS) Character string using the following convention: TYND-VC##, where TYND is an abbreviation for the general study site location 'Tyndall', VC is an abbreviation for vibracore, ## is the core number.

   Date Collected

   Date the core was collected, written as MM/DD/YYYY. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	04/24/2023
   Maximum:	04/25/2023

   Depth (cm)

   Depth range, in centimeters. (Source: USGS) Depth range of vibracore subsample used in analysis. A, B, and C indicate a replicate analysis.

   Water Content (gwater/gwet)

   The ratio of the mass of water combusted at 110 Celsius to the pre-combusted mass of wet sediment measured in grams of water to grams of wet sediment. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0.0008
   Maximum:	0.0454
   Units:	grams
   Resolution:	0.0001

   Loss on Ignition (gOM/gdry)

   The ratio of the mass of organic matter combusted at 550 Celsius to the pre-combusted mass of dry sediment measured in grams of organic matter to grams of dry sediment. (Source: USGS)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0.0015
   Maximum:	0.1489
   Units:	grams
   Resolution:	0.0001

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   Grain-size data: The detailed attribute descriptions for the grain-size summary and sieve statistics data files are provided in the data dictionary 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_DataDictionary.docx included in 2023-309-FA_GrainSize.zip. These metadata are not complete without this file.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

   The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   Radiocarbon analysis data: The detailed attribute descriptions for the 14C data are provided in the data dictionary 2023-309-FA_14C_DataDictionary.docx included in 2023-309-FA_AgeControl.zip. These metadata are not complete without this file.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:

   The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information.

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • Emily A. Wei
   • Samuel Randall
   • Julie C. Bernier
   • Cheyenne S. Everhart
   • Nancy T. DeWitt
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
   Funding and (or) support for this study were provided by the DARPA Reefense Project and USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program. The authors thank Ben Galbraith and Andrew Farmer for their assistance collecting sediment vibracores in the field. The authors would also like to thank Captain Joseph Edwards at Florida State University for navigating the vessel during field work and assisting with coring operations. Noreen Buster and Arnell Forde provided helpful insight for selecting core locations. This document was improved by scientific and metadata reviews by Jessica Jacobs and Breanna Williams, respectively (SPCMSC).
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: Julie C. Bernier

   Geologist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   727-502-8000 (voice)

   jbernier@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   Multibeam bathymetry surface (source 1 of 1)

   Stalk, C.A., Wei, E.A., and DeWitt, N.T., 20231204, High-resolution geophysical data collected in June 2022 Near Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P94ODZO3

   Type_of_Source_Media: comma-delimited text file
   Source_Contribution:

   Input multibeam bathymetry surface used to determine the bathymetric depth at each core site.

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: 2023 (process 1 of 8)

   Vibracore acquisition- Sediment vibracores were collected using the Rossfelder P-3, which was powered by a 208v 3-phase power supply. The Rossfelder P-3 coring system was deployed from the R/V Apalachee using a knuckle boom crane and placed on the seabed. The core barrel was vibrated into the subsurface until refusal. After extraction, each core was capped, sealed, and labeled with the core number and orientation. All cores were transported to the SPCMC sediment laboratory for processing and analysis. Horizontal positions associated with each core site was determined using the R/V Apalachee's GPS Antenna, which were plotted in real-time by the Navnet Furuno 3D System. Location data were saved as waypoints on the Furuno chart plotter and recorded in the NAD 83 coordinate system. Locations were recorded in a digital file and in a paper log book. Horizontal positions in paper logs were recorded in .xlsx and .csv files and converted into a shapefile in ArcGIS Pro 3.1.2. Horizontal positions were transformed from NAD 83 coordinate systems to Universal Transverse Mercator zone 16 North (UTM16N). Vertical positions (elevations) associated with each core site was determined by extracting the depth at each core site using ArcGIS Pro 3.1.2. The multibeam bathymetry surface from Stalk and others (2023) was loaded into ArcGIS Pro and the 'Extract Values to Points' geoprocessing tool was used to determine the bathymetric depth in the NAVD88 GEOID 12B coordinate system and model at each core site; see Stalk and others (2023) for more information. Core information was compiled into a comma-separated values file (.csv) and Microsoft Excel Worksheet (.xlsx) for inclusion in this data release. The 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.csv table was converted to a point shapefile (.shp) using the 'Table To Point Feature Class' geoprocessing tool in ArcGIS Pro to produce a geographic representation of the core sites. A non-proprietary version of the shapefile was created by converting the shapefile to a zipped keyhole markup language (.kmz) file using the ‘Layer to KML’ tool in ArcGIS Pro. These geospatial files can be found in 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.zip. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Nancy T. DeWitt

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   ndewitt@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Multibeam bathymetry surface

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • 2023-309-FA_CoreSites_UTM16N.shp
   • 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.kmz
   • 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.csv
   • 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.xlsx

   Date: 2023 (process 2 of 8)

   Vibracore processing and analysis- At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, vibracores were frozen for storage. Before splitting, vibracores were defrosted and then split lengthwise, photographed, described macroscopically using standard sediment-logging methods, and subsampled for grain-size analysis and age control. The split vibracores were photographed in approximately 20- to 25-cm, overlapping segments with a Nikon D3500 digital camera with a 70 mm zoom lens using consistent (manually programmed) settings with autofocus from a fixed height. The raw images were white-balanced using GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) version 2.10 software, cropped to the same extent (to remove areas outside of the core barrel), and "stitched" together using The Panorama Factory version 4.5 software, providing seamless high-resolution whole-core images. Textural descriptions for the core logs are based on macroscopic observations. Sediment color is based on the Munsell soil color system. Descriptive core logs were compiled using Rockware LogPlot 8 2021.6.2 software and exported as Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPG) images. Grain-size and age-control samples consisted of 2-cm sections sampled at varying intervals down-core depending on the number and thickness of the observed sedimentologic units. The subsamples collected for radiocarbon dating were labeled, dried, and weighed prior to shipping to Beta Analytic, Inc. (Miami, FL) for analysis. Core VC05 was selected for OSL dating, so care was taken not to expose the sediment to light, and core splitting and sampling was conducted in the dark with only a photographer's red lamp and the sample half of each core was wrapped in lightproof material for storage. The sample collected for OSL dating was then placed in a lightproof film canister, labeled, and sent to the USGS Luminescence Dating Laboratory (Denver, Colorado) for analysis. The results from this analysis are available in a separate data release (Mahan and others, 2024). Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Julie C. Bernier

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   jbernier@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • 2023-309-FA_CorePhotos.zip
   • 2023-309-FA_CoreLogs.zip

   Date: 2023 (process 3 of 8)

   Grain-size PSA analysis- At the SPCMSC sediment laboratory, grain-size analyses were performed using a Coulter LS13 320 (https://www.beckmancoulter.com/) PSA. The LS13 320 uses laser diffraction to measure the size distribution of sediments from 0.4 microns to 2 mm, encompassing clay to very coarse-grained sand. To prevent large shell fragments from damaging the instrument, particles greater than 1 mm in diameter (coarse sand) were separated from all samples prior to analysis using a number 18 (1 mm) U.S. standard sieve, which meets the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) E11 standard specifications for determining particle size using woven-wire test sieves. Two subsamples from each sample were processed through the instrument for a minimum of four runs each. Once introduced into the LS13 320, the sediment in the sample well was sonicated with a sonicator wand for 30 seconds to separate any aggregates before starting the first run for both subsamples. The LS13 320 measures the particle-size distribution of each sample by passing sediment suspended in solution between two narrow panes of glass in front of a laser. Light is scattered by the particles into characteristic refraction patterns measured by an array of photodetectors as intensity per unit area and recorded as relative volume for 92 size-related channels (bins). Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Cheyenne S. Everhart

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Physical Scientist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   ceverhart@usgs.gov

   Date: 2023 (process 4 of 8)

   Grain-size processing- The raw grain-size data was run through the free software GRADISTAT version 9, (Blott and Pye, 2001; kpal.co.uk/gradistat), which calculates the mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis of each sample geometrically, in metric units and logarithmically in phi (Φ) units (Krumbein, 1934) using the Folk and Ward (1957) scale. GRADISTAT also calculates the fraction of sediment from each sample by size category (for example, clay, coarse silt, fine sand) based on a modified Wentworth (1922) size scale. A macro function in Microsoft Excel, developed by the USGS SPCMSC, was applied to the data to calculate average and standard deviation for each sample set (4 runs per set; 8 runs per sample). Runs that varied from the set average by more than ±1.5 standard deviations were removed from the results and the sample average was recalculated using the remaining runs. The results for the summary and sieve statistics are included in individual CSV and XLSX files, in 2023-309-FA_GrainSize.zip. The results for both the summary and sieve statistics are also compiled into an Excel workbook (2023-309-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx), separated by tabs. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Cheyenne S. Everhart

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Physical Scientist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   ceverhart@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.csv
   • 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.xlsx
   • 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.csv
   • 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.xlsx
   • 2023-309-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx

   Date: 2023 (process 5 of 8)

   Grain-size plots- The LS13 320 averaged results (coarse sand, medium sand, fine sand, very fine sand, and mud classes) for each sample were normalized to 100%. The down-core grain-size distributions were plotted in Matlab version R2021A and exported as two JPG images. These images can be found in the 2023-309-FA_GrainSize.zip of this data release. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Julie C. Bernier

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Geologist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   jbernier@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • GrainSize_VC01-05.jpg
   • GrainSize_VC06-13.jpg

   Date: 03-Aug-2023 (process 6 of 8)

   Organic matter (OM) content was determined with a mass loss technique, referred to as loss on ignition (LOI). The dry sediment from the previous process was homogenized with a porcelain mortar and pestle. Approximately 3 grams (g) of the dry sediment was placed into a pre-weighed porcelain crucible. The mass of the dried sediment was recorded with a precision of 0.01 g on an analytical balance. The sample was then placed inside a laboratory muffle furnace with stabilizing temperature control. The furnace was heated to 110° Celsius (C) for a minimum of 6 hours to remove hygroscopic water absorbed onto the sediment particles. The furnace temperature was then lowered to 60°C, at which point the sediments could be reweighed. The dried sediment was returned to the muffle furnace. The furnace was heated to 550°C for over 30 minutes and kept at 550°C for 6 hours. The furnace temperature was then lowered to 60°C, at which point the sediments could be reweighed. The mass lost during the 6-hour baking period relative to the 110°C-dried mass is used as a metric of organic matter content (Dean, 1974). These data files can be found in the 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.zip of this data release. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Attn: Cheyenne S. Everhart

   Physical Scientist

   600 4th Street South

   Saint Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   ceverhart@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.csv
   • 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.xlsx

   Date: 2023 (process 7 of 8)

   Radiocarbon dating- Both the organic sediment fraction and plant material from selected organic-rich or peat sediment samples were analyzed using accelerated mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) dating at Beta Analytic, Inc. (Miami, Florida). For each sample, the conventional 14C radiocarbon age as well as calibrated age ranges are reported. Calibrated ages are based on terrestrial calibration curves from INTCAL20 (Reimer and others, 2020) using the High Probability Density (HPD) Range Method (Ramsey, 2009). For additional information on understanding calibrated radiocarbon ages, refer to the Beta Analytic, Inc. (https://www.radiocarbon.com/calendar-calibration-carbon-dating.htm) or University of Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/calibration.html, https://c14.arch.ox.ac.uk/explanation.php) websites. These data files can be found in the 2023-309-FA_AgeControl.zip of this data release. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Beta Analytic, Inc.

   4985 SW 74th Court

   Miami, FL
   

   (305) 667-5167 (voice)

   lab@radiocarbon.com

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • 2023-309-FA_14C.csv
   • 2023-309-FA_14C.xlsx

   Date: 20-Dec-2023 (process 8 of 8)

   Populating image headers- Credit, contact information, copyright, usage terms, image descriptions, attribution url, metadata link, and georeferencing information were added to the exchangeable image file format (EXIF) header of each image using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (version 12.44). The images were grouped by image type (core logs and photographs) into separate folders: 2023-309-FA_CoreLogs (11 images), 2023-309-FA_CorePhotos (52 images). Grain-size plots are in the folder: 2023-309-FA_GrainSize (2 images). All information in the scripts were the same among all images, aside from the EXIF:ImageDescription, EXIF:DateTimeOriginal, EXIF:GPSLatitude and EXIF:GPSLongtitude information, as that information varies for each core. A separate script containing that header information was run to populate those headers (see the third script). The core logs and photographs are published as JPGs. Image header information was also populated for 2023-309-FA_GrainSizeDistributions.jpg in 2023-309-FA_GrainSizeData.zip. However, since this image details grain-size distributions for all collected cores, the third script was not used, along with removing EXIF:GPSMapDatum and EXIF:GPSAreaInformation in the second script. First, the following command was run on all images in a folder to preserve filenames: exiftool -P "-XMP:PreservedFileName<Filename" *.JPG. Second, the following command was run on all images in a folder to populate the first set of headers. exiftool -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P1AFJDNE" -XMP:Event="2023-309-FA" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="Location of core collection site, GPS coordinates are in NAD83" -XMP:ExternalMetadataLink="https://www1.usgs.gov/pir/api/identifiers/USGS:4ee2764f-c629-4176-ac61-e064ed2fcede" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:6318 NAD83 (2011)" *.JPG Third, the following command was run on each image in the folder to populate the unique image headers for each core. This command called on a .csv file containing the File name, GPS Latitude, and GPS Longitude of each core, called “TYND_core_photos_GPS_info.csv ” as well as a text file that contained header tags, called “in.args-tyndall_core_photos.txt”. The command run to populate the Latitude and Longitude information was: exiftool -@ in.args-tyndall_core_photos.txt -csv=TYND_core_photos_GPS_info.csv *.jpg Fourth, the following command run on all images in a folder to copy information into duplicate tags: exiftool -P "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" "-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all" "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" "-EXIF:GPSDateStamp<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" -overwrite_original *.JPG To extract the information from the image headers using ExifTool, run the following command after connecting to the unzipped folder containing the images: exiftool a.jpg, where 'a' is replaced with the filename. Example: TYND-VC03_0-90_FullStitch.jpg Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Julie C. Bernier

   Southeast Region

   Research Geologist

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   United States

   727-502-8000 (voice)

   jbernier@usgs.gov

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • TYND-VC##_#-#_FullStitch.jpg
   • TYND-VC##_CoreLog.jpg
   • GrainSize_VC01-05.jpg
   • GrainSize_VC06-13.jpg

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
   Bernier, J.C., Kelso, K.W., Tuten, T.M., Stalk, C.A., and Flocks, J.G., 2017, Sediment data collected in 2014 and 2015 from around Breton and Gosier Islands, Breton National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series doi:10.3133/ds1037, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.3133/ds1037

   Nelson, M., Rittenour, T., and Cornachione, H., 20191122, Sampling methods for luminescence dating of subsurface deposits from cores: Methods and Protocols Volume 2, No. 88.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.3390/mps2040088

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 2-15
   

   Forde, A.S., Wei, E.A., and Stalk, C.A., 20231101, Archive of chirp subbottom profile data collected in June 2022 near Panama City, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P9YTB22D, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P9YTB22D

   Mahan, S.A., Krolczyk, E.T., Wei, E.A., Randall, S.M., and Bernier, J.C., 20240618, Data release for luminescence: Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida estuarine sediment cores: U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P142G7PC, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P142G7PC

   Stalk, C.A., Wei, E.A., and DeWitt, N.T., 20231204, High-resolution geophysical data collected in June 2022 near Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey data release doi:10.5066/P94ODZO3, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P94ODZO3

   Coulter, Beckman, 2011, LS 13 320 laser diffraction particle size analyzer instructions for use: Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA.

   Online Links:

   • https://www.beckmancoulter.com/wsrportal/techdocs?docname=B05577AB.pdf

   Blott, S.J., and Pye, K., 20010928, GRADISTAT: a grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Volume 26, Issue 11.

   Online Links:

   • http://www.kpal.co.uk/gradistat.html
   • https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.261

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 1237-1248
   

   Folk, R.L, and Ward, W.C., 19570301, Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume 27, No. 1.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 3-26
   

   Krumbein, W.C., 19340801, Size frequency distributions of sediments: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume 4, No. 2.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268EB9-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 65-77
   

   Wentworth, C.K., 1922, A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments: Journal of Geology Volume 30, No. 5.

   Online Links:

   • https://www.jstor.org/stable/30063207

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 377-392
   

   Folk, R.L., 1954, The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature: Journal of Geology Volume 62, No. 4.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.1086/626171

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 344-359
   

   Dean, W.E., 19740301, Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: comparison with other methods: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Volume 44, No. 1.

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   • https://doi.org/10.1306/74D729D2-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 242-248
   

   Bronk Ramsey, C., 20090718, Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates: Radiocarbon Volume 51, No. 1.

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   • https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200033865

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 337-360
   

   Reimer, P.J. and others, 20200812, The IntCal20 northern hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP): Radiocarbon Volume 62, No. 4.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.1017/RDC.2020.41

   Other_Citation_Details: Pages 725-757
   

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   The core locations were obtained using the research vessel (R/V) Apalachee's global positioning system (GPS) Antenna, which were plotted in real-time by the Navnet Furuno 3D System. Location data were saved as waypoints on the Furuno chart plotter and recorded. Grain-size data: Due to the assumption of grain sphericity of the Fraunhofer optical model used by the Coulter LS13 320 particle-size analyzer (PSA) for grain-size analysis, angular particles are measured by their longest axis (Beckman Coulter, 2011). When enough thin, angular material is present, the LS13 320 output files often report a percentage of the grain-size distribution within the 1-2 millimeter (mm) fraction, despite all samples being sieved at 1 mm before analysis. The grain-size data represent the sample averages for a subset of the statistical parameters calculated by GRADISTAT (Blott and Pye, 2001). The number of runs included in the averaged results are reported, and the standard deviation of the averaged results are reported for most parameters. A secondary data review determined that all grain-size data reported met the laboratory’s quality control requirements. Beckman Coulter control standards G15 (15 microns [µm]) and GB500 (500 µm) were analyzed on the Coulter LS13 320 particle-size analyzer before all sediment samples were analyzed to validate instrument performance (Beckman Coulter, 2011). In addition to processing the samples submitted for radiocarbon dating, Beta Analytic, Inc. also analyzes known-value reference materials. All quality assurance measurements passed the internal acceptance tests.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   Position data associated with each core site was determined using the R/V Apalachee's GPS Antenna, which were plotted in real-time by the Navnet Furuno 3D System. Location data were saved as waypoints on the Furuno chart plotter and recorded in the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) coordinate system. The manufacturer’s horizontal accuracy of the Navnet Furuno 3D system is 3 to 10 meters.
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   Elevation data associated with each core site was determined by extracting the depth at each core site using ArcGIS Pro 3.1.2. The multibeam bathymetry surface from Stalk and others (2023) was loaded into ArcGIS Pro and the 'Extract Values to Points' geoprocessing tool was used to determine the bathymetric depth in the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88) coordinate system GEOID 12B model at each core site. The multibeam bathymetry has a mean total propagated uncertainty 7.3 centimeters (cm); see Stalk and others (2023) for more information.
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. The data release associated with this metadata record includes the geographic locations, site elevations, core descriptions, core photos, grain-size data (111 samples), loss on ignition data, and radiocarbon ages (10 samples) from 11 vibracores collected from St. Andrew Bay, Florida April 24-25, 2023 (USGS FAN 2023-309-FA).
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   Position data at each core site were recorded using the R/V Apalachee's GPS Antenna, which were plotted in real-time by the Navnet Furuno 3D System. Location data were saved as waypoints on the Furuno chart plotter and recorded. Grain-size sample runs in the GRADISTAT output files for which the mean Folk and Ward (1957) and Folk (1954) grain-size varied from the set average by more than 1.5 standard deviations were not included in final averaged results.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: USGS SPCMSC Data Management

   600 4th Street South

   Saint Petersburg, FL
   

   United States

   727-502-8000 (voice)

   gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.csv, 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SumStats.xlsx, 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.csv, FA_GrainSize_SieveStats.xlsx 2023-309-FA_GrainSizeStats.xlsx, 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.csv, 2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.xlsx, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.csv, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.xslx, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites_UTM16N.shp, 2023-309-FA_CoreSites.kmz, 2023-309-FA_14C.csv, 2023-309-FA_14C.xlsx, TYND-VC##_CoreLog.jpg, TYND-VC##_#-#_FullStitch.jpg, GrainSize_VC01-05.jpg, GrainSize_VC06-13.jpg, 2023-309-FA_GrainSize_DataDictionary.docx, 2023-309-FA_14C_DataDictionary.docx
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
   This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data were processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:

     comma-delimited text, Microsoft Excel format, Microsoft Word format, JPEG, KML, shapefile

     Network links:

     https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_CoreSites.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_CoreLogs.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_CorePhotos.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_GrainSize.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_AgeControl.zip https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-P1AFJDNE/data/2023-309-FA_LossOnIgnition.zip

   • Cost to order the data: None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the dataset.

5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
   All spreadsheets were created in Microsoft Excel, version 2302; these data are provided as comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files. Core locations are also provided as geographic information system (GIS) data files in Esri shapefile (.shp) and zipped keyhole markup language (.kmz) formats. These files may also be viewed with software such as QGIS (https://www.qgis.org/en/site/, 2024), Google Earth (https://earth.google.com/, 2024), or other GIS software capable of importing the data. Core logs, core photos, and grain-size distribution plots are provided in Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg) format. Image metadata (exif and other imagery headers) for the JPEG images can be read using Phil Harvey’s ExifTool (https://exiftool.org/).

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 20-Nov-2024

Metadata author:

U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

Attn: USGS SPCMSC Data Management

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg, FL

USA

727-502-8000 (voice)

gs-g-spcmsc_data_inquiries@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:

Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)