Experimental coral-growth and physiological data and time-series imagery for Porites astreoides in the Florida Keys, U.S.A.

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Experimental coral-growth and physiological data and time-series imagery for Porites astreoides in the Florida Keys, U.S.A.
Abstract:
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystems Studies project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/) provides science that helps resource managers tasked with the stewardship of coral reef resources. This data release contains data on coral-growth rates and time-series photographs taken of colonies of the mustard hill coral, Porites astreoides, grown at four sites on the Florida Keys reef tract from Spring 2015 to Spring 2017. The data will be used to inform resource managers on the spatial and temporal variability in heat stress experienced on coral reefs and the response to it by P. astreoides along 350 kilometers (km) of the Florida reef tract. These data will be used to draw conclusions about the capacity of this species to persist in Florida and throughout the western Atlantic as ocean conditions continue to change. The datasets included here were interpreted in Lenz and others (2021). Lenz, E.A., Bartlett, L.A., Stathakopoulos, A., and Kuffner, I.B. (2021), Physiological differences in bleaching response of the coral Porites astreoides along the Florida Keys reef tract during high-temperature stress.
Supplemental_Information:
Scientific research permits: The data herein were collected with permission from the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS) and the National Park Service (NPS) under permit numbers FKNMS‐2013‐024‐A2, FKNMS‐2016‐085‐A1, BISC‐2014‐SCI‐0020, BISC‐2016‐SCI‐0003, DRTO‐2015‐SCI‐0010, DRTO-2016-SCI-0010, and coral samples are curated under NPS accession numbers BISC‐228 and DRTO‐274. To ensure that USGS-St. Petersburg data management protocols were followed, each survey when data were collected was assigned the following USGS field activity number (FAN): 2015-313-FA, 2015-319-FA, 2015-337-FA, 2016-323-FA, 2016-357-FA, and 2017-311-FA. Additional survey and data details are available from the USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) at, https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Kuffner, Ilsa B., Lenz, Elizabeth A., Bartlett, Lucy A., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Morrison, Jennifer M., 20210429, Experimental coral-growth and physiological data and time-series imagery for Porites astreoides in the Florida Keys, U.S.A.: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/P955KBD3, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Lenz, Elizabeth A., Bartlett, Lucy A., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Kuffner, Ilsa B., Unknown, Physiological differences in bleaching response of the coral Porites astreoides along the Florida Keys reef tract during high-temperature stress: Frontiers Media SA, Switzerland.

    Online Links:

    • Unknown

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -82.7728
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.0956
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.59047
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 24.62687
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2015
    Ending_Date: 2017
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data; tabular data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Pastreoides_growth_FL_USA.csv, Pastreoides_growth_FL_USA.xlsx
    These files contain attribute information for data describing the growth and physiological condition of corals of the species Porites astreoides, which were collected from the surrounding reef and grown at four study sites on the Florida Keys reef tract during four time intervals: time = 1 is Summer 2015, time = 2 is Winter 2016, time = 3 is Summer 2016, and time = 4 is Winter 2017. Data include coral identification numbers, site where they were collected and deployed for growth, time interval, condition of coral colony at the end of time interval identified in the “time_interval” column, condition of the live tissue at the end of time interval, mass (grams) of calcium carbonate gained per day during the time interval, calcification rate expressed in milligrams per square centimeters planar area per day, and percentage loss of live tissue cumulative to the end of identified time interval. To view the data in a tab-delimited format arranged by column, please use the Excel spreadsheet. (Source: USGS)
    Coral_ID
    A numeric identifier for each coral colony in the study, assigned by USGS personnel. (Source: USGS) Non-sequential, arbitrary numerical identifiers ranging between 207 and 497.
    Site_ID
    A textual identifier of the site assigned where corals were collected and deployed named by USGS personnel as follows: “PLS” indicates Pulaski Shoal Light (N 24 41.613 W 82 46.368, 16 feet of seawater (fsw)) in Dry Tortugas National Park, “SMK” indicates Sombrero Reef (N 24 37.612 W 81 06.536, 14 fsw) Sanctuary Preservation Area in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), “CRK” indicates Crocker Reef (N 24 54.545 W 80 31.599, 13 fsw) in the FKNMS, and “FWY” indicates Fowey Rocks in Biscayne National Park (N 25 35.425 W 80 05.736, 13 fsw). (Source: USGS) A textual description of the geographic site where samples and data were collected.
    Planar_footprint_original_cm2
    Planar-footprint area of the colony when it was first collected from the reef in square centimeters. The area was calculated by measuring the widest (length) and shortest (width) diameter of the coral colony with calipers and using the formula for the area of an ellipse. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:25.3
    Maximum:75.4
    Units:square centimeters
    Time_interval
    A numerical identifier of the time interval during which the data were collected. Time “1” is April/May 2015 to October/November 2015, Time “2” is October/November 2015 to April 2016, Time “3” is April 2016 to October/November/December 2016, and Time “4” is October/November/December 2016 to April/May 2017. (Source: USGS) Time intervals are not exactly the same for each site, so data are normalized to the number of days between site visits (for example, converted to rates) to account for this source of variability in the data.
    Colony_condition_end_of_interval
    A textual identifier assigned by USGS personnel as follows: “live” indicates that the coral had greater than 50 percent live tissue by the end of the time interval, “part” indicates that the colony experienced between 50 and 75 percent tissue mortality by the end of the time interval, and “dead” indicates the coral lost greater than 75 percent of live tissue by the end of the time interval. (Source: USGS) A textual identifier assigned by USGS personnel describing the condition of the coral during the time interval.
    Tissue_score_end_of_interval
    A qualitative integer assigned to the pigmentation of the remaining live tissue on the colony, at the end of the time interval based upon photographs, by University of Hawaii personnel. Condition score of 1 was assigned for no bleaching, 2 assigned for paling to normal tissue, 3 assigned for 1 to 50 percent bleached, 4 assigned for 51 to 99 percent bleached, 5 assigned to 100 percent bleached, and 6 assigned to completely dead colonies (Baird and others, 2018). (Source: USGS) A qualitative integer assigned by University of Hawaii personnel describing the condition of the live tissue remaining on the colony at the end of the time interval.
    Mass_gained_g_day
    Dry mass of calcium carbonate gained during the time interval specified in “Time_interval” in the units of grams per day. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.071
    Maximum:0.441
    Units:grams per day
    Calcif_rate_mg_cm2_day
    Dry mass of calcium carbonate gained during the time interval specified in “Time_interval” in the units of milligrams per square centimeter (planar area at start of the experiment) per day. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-1.06
    Maximum:9.40
    Units:milligrams per square centimeter per day
    Tissue_percent_loss_cumulative
    Percentage of live tissue lost since the start of the experiment by the end of the interval named in “Time_interval” in units of percent. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:100
    Units:percentage
    Pastreoides_end_measurements_FL_USA.csv, Pastreoides_end_measurements_FL_USA.xlsx
    These files contain attribute information for data describing the reproductive and health status of the Porites astreoides coral colonies at the end of the study in April/May 2017. Data include coral identification numbers, site where the corals were collected and deployed, reproductive condition including oocytes, spermaries, and planulae counted per polyp, tissue thickness, density of symbionts, and linear extension of the coral skeleton since the start of the study normalized to year. To view the data in a tab-delimited format arranged by column, please use the Excel spreadsheet. (Source: USGS)
    Coral_ID
    A numeric identifier for each coral colony in the study, assigned by USGS personnel. (Source: USGS) Non-sequential, arbitrary numerical identifiers ranging between 207 and 497.
    Site_ID
    A textual identifier of the site assigned where corals were collected and deployed named by USGS personnel as follows: “PLS” indicates Pulaski Shoal Light (N 24 41.613 W 82 46.368, 16 fsw) in Dry Tortugas National Park, “SMK” indicates Sombrero Reef (N 24 37.612 W 81 06.536, 14 fsw) Sanctuary Preservation Area in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS), “CRK” indicates Crocker Reef (N 24 54.545 W 80 31.599, 13 fsw) in the FKNMS, and “FWY” indicates Fowey Rocks in Biscayne National Park (N 25 35.425 W 80 05.736, 13 fsw). (Source: USGS) A textual description of the geographic site where data were collected.
    Oocytes_count_per_polyp
    Mean number of oocytes counted per polyp, calculated by averaging the numbers counted in ten haphazardly chosen polyps of each colony. If there was no longer any live tissue on the coral to be sampled, there is no value reported and “NA” for “not applicable” is inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:2.3
    Units:count per polyp
    Planulae_count_per_polyp
    Mean number of planula larvae counted per polyp, calculated by averaging the numbers counted in ten haphazardly chosen polyps of each colony. If there was no longer any live tissue on the coral to be sampled, there is no value reported and “NA” for “not applicable” is inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:1.2
    Units:count per polyp
    Spermaries_count_per_polyp
    Mean number of spermaries counted per polyp, calculated by averaging the numbers counted in ten haphazardly chosen polyps of each colony. If there was no longer any live tissue on the coral to be sampled, there is no value reported and “NA” for “not applicable” is inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:2.7
    Units:count per polyp
    Tissue_thickness_mm
    Tissue thickness measured using microscopic images and the FIJI package of the open source image software ImageJ (Schneider and others, 2012). If there was no longer any live tissue on the coral to be sampled, there is no value reported and “NA” for “not applicable” is inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:3.80
    Units:millimeters
    Symbiont_cells_per_cm2
    Number of symbiont cells, counted using a hemocytometer, in a 1 mL aliquot of homogenized tissue slurry buffered zinc formalin fixative. Number of cells was normalized to surface area of the tissue sampled. If there was no longer any live tissue on the coral to be sampled, there is no value reported and “NA” for “not applicable” is inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:609774
    Maximum:9436767
    Units:count per square centimeter
    Linear_ext_mm_y
    Mean linear extension of coral skeleton calculated from the alizarin-Red-S stain lines that were clearly discernable. The mean reported was calculated by averaging the means of the two years demarked by the stain lines, based on the means of measurements on images of the front and back of each coral slab (up to six measurements on each side for each of the two years) from digital-image scans of the slabs using iSolution Capture version 3.1 image analysis software (IMT i-Solution Inc., Vancouver, BC, Canada). If the stain was not adequately taken up by the coral or the stain lines were blurred, no measurements could be made and there is no value reported, indicated by “NA” for “not applicable” inserted into the data cell. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.64
    Maximum:4.31
    Units:millimeters
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    FL_Pastreoides_photo_record.zip - This file contains time-series photographic images (JPEG) of experimental mustard hill corals, Porites astreoides, deployed at four sites throughout the Florida Keys, FL, USA. The file names include the three-letter site identification code and the three-number coral identification code.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
    The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the dataset. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information.

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Ilsa B. Kuffner
    • Elizabeth A. Lenz
    • Lucy A. Bartlett
    • Anastasios Stathakopoulos
    • Jennifer M. Morrison
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Acknowledgment of Ilsa B. Kuffner and the U.S. Geological Survey as data sources would be appreciated in products developed from these data, and such acknowledgment as is standard for citation and legal practices for data source is expected.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Ilsa B. Kuffner
    U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Research Marine Biologist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    U.S.A.

    727-502-8048 (voice)
    ikuffner@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These data were obtained to directly quantify rates of coral growth (calcification) and physiological condition of Porites astreoides corals on the Florida Keys reef tract. The data will be used to draw conclusions about the capacity of this species to persist in Florida and throughout the western Atlantic as ocean conditions continue to change.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2017 (process 1 of 3)
    Porites astreoides growth and condition: Porites astreoides colonies were collected in the Spring of 2015 from an area of the reef approximately 500 x 500 meters (m) within the four calcification-assessment sites previously established by the USGS including Pulaski Shoal Light (PLS) in Dry Tortugas National Park, Sombrero Reef sanctuary preservation area (SMK) and Crocker Reef (CRK) in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, and Fowey Rocks (FWY) in Biscayne National Park. All sites are in 3-5-m water depth on the outer reef in low to moderate relief reef-crest habitat. The 40 coral colonies of approximately 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter were epoxied to PVC disks fitted with stainless-steel bolts, photographed, measured with calipers (L x W x H), and weighed using the buoyant-weight method (Jokiel and others, 1978). For detailed methods describing the initial setup and periodic monitoring of the calcification stations established along the outer Florida Keys Reef Tract in 2009, see Morrison and others (2013). The prepared corals were deployed in the Spring of 2015 at the field sites to grow “in-situ” for 24 months at the previously described USGS calcification-assessment sites by attaching them to preexisting concrete blocks secured to the substratum. The corals were subsequently weighed and photographed every six months through Spring 2017. Calcification rates were normalized to the planar-footprint area of the colony (equivalent to canopy or “crown” area used in forestry) at the beginning of the experiment as determined using calipers. Person who carried out this activity:
    Ilsa B. Kuffner
    Southeast Region
    Research Marine Biologist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    United States

    727-502-8048 (voice)
    ikuffner@usgs.gov
    Date: 2020 (process 2 of 3)
    Photography: The photographs of the corals were taken by USGS personnel (J. Morrison, L. Bartlett, and A. Stathakopoulos) using a Canon EOS REBEL T3i camera mounted on a tripod. The digital photographs of each colony were taken in the field with a ruler for scale. The images were subsequently used to create a time-series montage for each coral (L. Bartlett). Images were color corrected, as needed, and stitched together in chronological order using Adobe Photoshop CC version 20.0.9 (https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html) to adjust for light regime and enhance contrast and brightness. Additionally, text indicating the coral identification number and the sampling season and year were added to each image using Photoshop. Percent live-tissue loss was evaluated at the end of each time interval, based on these photographic images, relative to the initial planar area of tissue at the beginning of the experiment. Because the photographs were white-balance corrected with the same white, gridded-photography background in each image, they were also used to assess colony pigmentation of live tissue over time based on a condition score of 1: no bleaching, 2: paling to normal, 3: 1 to 50 percent bleached, 4: 51 to 99 percent bleached, 5: 100 percent bleached, and 6: dead (Baird and others, 2018). The digital images are included in the data release download file, FL_Pastreoides_photo_record.zip. Person who carried out this activity:
    Ilsa B. Kuffner
    Southeast Region
    Research Marine Biologist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    United States

    727-502-8048 (voice)
    ikuffner@usgs.gov
    Date: 30-May-2018 (process 3 of 3)
    Porites astreoides measurements of tissue thickness, reproductive potential, symbiont density, and linear extension: At the end of the study in April 2017, coral colonies were sampled using a masonry-tile saw to collect sagittal sections of the coral from the center axis of the colony with the saw wetted with ambient seawater. One of the slices, processed by E. Lenz at the University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, was used to examine tissue thickness using microscopic images and the FIJI package of the open source image software ImageJ (Schneider and others, 2012). For the histology samples (also prepared by E. Lenz), an additional 4 cm x 2 cm section was taken from the center of the colony and processed as in Chornesky and Peters (1987). If the center of the colony had died, a 4 cm x 2 cm section was taken from the colony side. The tissue sample was placed in buffered zinc formalin fixative (Z-fix, Anatech Ltd.) diluted in 1-micrometer filtered seawater (1:4) (Padilla-Gamiño and others, 2014) for at least 48 hours and then transferred into 70 percent ethanol (diluted in distilled water) until processed by Histotech Ltd. (Cleveland, OH, USA) where samples were decalcified in diluted hydrochloric acid and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The 4 to 6 micrometer-thick sagittal sections along the tissue and cross sections of the top, middle, and bottom thirds were mounted on slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Chornesky and Peters, 1987). Slices consisted of approximately 5 to 20 polyps. The number of oocytes, spermaries, and planula larvae per polyp were counted in ten haphazardly chosen polyps of each colony. Symbiont cell densities were measured (E. Lenz) by taking a 4 cm x 2 cm section from the third sagittal slice and removing the tissue from the skeleton using an airbrush filled with filtered seawater (0.1 micrometer). The tissue slurry was homogenized, and 1 milliliter (mL) was aliquoted into a buffered zinc formalin fixative to later count symbiont cell densities with a hemocytometer. Cell densities were normalized to skeletal surface area (square centimeters, cm2) determined by the aluminum foil wrapping technique (Marsh, 1970). At the U.S. Geological Survey in St. Petersburg, Florida, another of the slices was cleaned and prepared for imaging to reveal alizarin-Red-S stain lines for measurement of skeletal linear extension. The corals were stained while alive at the initial deployment in Spring 2015 and again a year later in Spring 2016 (see Morrison and others, 2013). The slabs were cleaned by sonication in deionized water for 10 minutes, followed by rinsing and sonicating again for 20 more minutes. Coral slabs were then rinsed and stored under refrigeration until ready to oxidize. Slabs were oxidized by placing them in a glass petri dish and submerging them in 60 mL of sodium hydroxide and 60 mL of American Chemical Society (ACS) grade hydrogen peroxide, then placing the petri dish inside a heated water bath (Pyrex dish filled with water over a heating plate). Slabs were oxidized for 30 minutes with the water bath maintained at 70 degrees C. This step was repeated, and then slabs were rinsed thoroughly with deionized water. Slabs were then dried under a fume hood. Once completely dry, coral slabs were scanned on a flatbed scanner. These digital images were then used to measure linear distance of new skeletal growth between the two alizarin-Red-S stain lines (first year of growth) and from the second alizarin-Red-S stain line to the coral surface (second year). The USGS laboratory and imagery-analysis steps were completed by L. Bartlett. Person who carried out this activity:
    Ilsa B. Kuffner
    Southeast Region
    Research Marine Biologist
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    United States

    727-502-8048 (voice)
    ikuffner@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Jokiel, P.L., Maragos, J.E., and Franzisket, L., 1978, Coral Growth: Buoyant weight technique: Coral Reefs: Research Methods, Paris, France.

    Other_Citation_Details: Editors Stoddart, D.R. and Johannes, R.E., pp. 529-541
    Morrison, J.M., Kuffner, I.B., and Hickey, T.D., 2013, Methods for monitoring corals and crustose coralline algae to quantify in-situ calcification rates: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1159, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: 11 p.
    Baird, A.H., Madin, J.S., Álvarez-Noriega, M., Fontoura, L., Kerry, J.T., Kuo, C.Y., Precoda, K., Torres-Pulliza, D., Woods, R.M., Zawada, K.J.A., and Hughes, T.P., 2018, A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa: Marine Ecology Progress Series 603, Inter Research Science Publisher, Lüneburg, Germany.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: pp. 257-264
    Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S., and Eliceiri, K.W., 2012, NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis: Nature Methods 9(7), Nature Publishing Group, New York, NY, U.S.A..

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: pp. 671-675
    Chornesky, E.A., and Peters, E.C., 1987, Sexual reproduction and colony growth in the scleractinian coral Porites astreoides: Biological Bulletin 172(2), University of Chicago Press in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago, IL, U.S.A..

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: pp. 161-177
    Padilla-Gamiño, J.L., Hédouin, L., Waller, R.G., Smith, D., Truong, W., and Gates, R.D., 2014, Sedimentation and the reproductive biology of the Hawaiian reef-building coral Montipora capitata: Biological Bulletin 226(1), University of Chicago Press in association with the Marine Biological Laboratory, Chicago, IL, U.S.A..

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: pp. 8-18
    Marsh, J.A., Jr., 1970, Primary productivity of reef-building calcareous red algae: Ecology 51(2), Wiley in association with the Ecological Society of America, Washington, D.C., U.S.A..

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details: pp. 255-263

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Ilsa B. Kuffner
    U.S. Geological Survey
    600 4th Street South
    Saint Petersburg, FL
    U.S.A.

    727-502-8048 (voice)
    ikuffner@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    This publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution imply any such warranty. The U.S. Geological Survey shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and (or) contained herein. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 14-Jan-2021
Metadata author:
Ilsa B. Kuffner
U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Research Marine Biologist
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL
U.S.A.

727-502-8048 (voice)
ikuffner@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/spcmsc/Pastreoides_growth_FL_USA.faq.html>
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