Radiometric ages and descriptive data for Holocene corals from southeast Florida

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Radiometric ages and descriptive data for Holocene corals from southeast Florida
Abstract:
This data release compiles descriptive information (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages from corals collected through the Southeast Florida Continental Reef Tract (SFCRT; Figure 1). The database includes data from studies published between 1977 and 2015 as well as previously unpublished data. The samples were originally collected using coral-reef coring or other geologic sampling methods. Many of the samples are presently stored in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Core Archive at the St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, Florida (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3). This research is a part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coral Reef Ecosystem Studies Project (https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/crest/).
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Toth, Lauren T., Precht, William F., Modys, Alexander B., and Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, 20210406, Radiometric ages and descriptive data for Holocene corals from southeast Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/P9Z21NMU, U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Toth, Lauren T., Precht, William F., Modys, Alexander B., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, Robbart, Martha L., Hudson, J. Harold, Oleinik, Anton E., Riegl, Bernhard M., Shinn, Eugene A., and Aronson, Richard B., 2021, Climate and the latitudinal limits of subtropical reef development: Scientific Reports, Nature, Online.

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.1100
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.0168
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.7230
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.5906
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 1977
    Ending_Date: 2019
    Currentness_Reference:
    publication date
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Tabular digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      Indirect_Spatial_Reference: GPS coordinates are provided for all data.
      This is a Point data set.
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.01. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.01. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is World Geodetic System of 1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257223563.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Depth_System_Definition:
      Depth_Datum_Name: Mean sea level
      Depth_Resolution: 0.1
      Depth_Distance_Units: meters
      Depth_Encoding_Method: Attribute values
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.csv, SoutheastFloridaHolocenecoraldata.xlsx
    Comma-separated values (.csv) and Microsoft Excel (.xlsx) files of descriptive data (location, water depth, etc.) and radiometric ages for coral samples collected from the southeast Florida continental reef tract (Source: Lauren T. Toth (USGS-SPCMSC))
    Sample ID
    Unique identifier for each coral sample dated in this study. (Source: USGS) Sample IDs are generated by abbreviating information about the county/subregion where the sample was collected, the reef terrace (for southeast Florida only), the site name, the core or sample number, and approximate depth from with which each sample was collected in the core and are formatted as: Subregion abbreviation-Reef tract abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core or sample number-Depth of coral in core. When the depths of multiple samples from a location were the same, the samples were distinguished by adding a letter at the end of the sample ID. Samples that were re-dated are indicated with an "N" for "new" at the end of the sample ID. Note that the sample IDs from Fowey Rocks, which is part of the Florida Keys reef tract, do not include a reef tract ID and the water depths are given in feet rather than meters to be consistent with a previous publication (Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release).
    Secondary sample ID
    The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute). This attribute is left blank for samples that do not have a secondary sample ID. (Source: USGS) The sample ID used in the primary publication where the sample data was first published (see "Primary reference" attribute).
    Core ID
    For samples that were collected from rotary core records, this attribute provides a unique identifier for the core. This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected using rotary coring. (Source: USGS) For the cores from Fowey Rocks outlier reef (Florida Keys reef tract), this attribute is a combination of the subregion, the site name, and the core number from that site in the following format: Subregion abbreviation-Site abbreviation-Core number (after Toth and others, 2018, USGS Data Release). The other core records from Broward County Florida are taken from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and simply provide a unique core number (or letter) for the cores collected from the Inner Reef (IR) of Broward County, FL.
    Latitude
    The approximate latitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:25.5906
    Maximum:26.7230
    Units:Decimal degrees
    Longitude
    The approximate longitude (in decimal degrees) where the sample was collected. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-80.1100
    Maximum:-80.0168
    Units:Decimal degrees
    County/subregion
    The county in southeast Florida adjacent to the nearshore habitats where the samples were collected or, in the case of Fowey Rocks, the subregion of the Florida Keys reef tract where the samples were collected. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    Biscayne N.P.The sample was collected from Biscayne National Park (N.P.)
    BrowardThe sample was collected offshore of Broward County, FL.
    Miami-DadeThe sample was collected offshore of Miami-Dade County, FL.
    Palm BeachThe sample was collected offshore of Palm Beach County, FL
    Reef terrace
    The reef terrace (shore-parallel line of reef) where the sample was collected. (Source: Walker, 2012)
    ValueDefinition
    OutlierThe sample was collected from an outlier reef.
    IRThe sample was collected from the Inner Reef (IR).
    IR?The original researchers (Shinn and others 1977) said this sample came from the Inner Reef, but a recent study (Banks and others 2007) suggested that it instead came from an "intermediate ridge" between the Middle Reef and Outer Reef.
    ORThe sample was collected from the Outer Reef (OR).
    MRThe sample was collected from the Middle Reef (MR).
    NRThe sample was collected from the Nearshore Ridge Complex (NR).
    IR/ORThe sample was collected from a location where the Inner Reef (IR) and Outer Reef (OR) meet.
    Site
    The name of the reef or site where the sample was collected. (Source: USGS) A unique site name, either chosen by the researchers who originally collected the sample (see "Primary reference" attribute) or determined by the researchers who conducted the present study (Toth and others, 2021).
    Dating method
    The methodology used to determine the radiometric age of the sample. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    Standard Radiometric 14CIndicates that the sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using standard (bulk) methodologies (i.e., gas proportional counting or liquid scintillation counting).
    AMSThe sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS).
    U-seriesThe sample was dated by U-series methodologies (i.e., by Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry [TIMS] or Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry [ICP-MS]).
    Rapid 14CThe sample was radiocarbon (14C) dated using the rapid methodology developed at University of California, Irvine by Bush and others (2013).
    Measured 14C age
    This attribute is only included for radiocarbon ages measured by standard radiometric radiocarbon dating, where measured, rather than corrected, conventional 14C were reported by the laboratory. These values have not been corrected for the isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3340
    Maximum:9440
    Units:Years
    Measured 14C age error (1-sigma)
    The one standard deviation (1-sigma) laboratory error on the measured radiocarbon (14C) age. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:50
    Maximum:120
    Units:Years
    delta 13C
    The measured δ13C of the sample, used to correct for isotopic fractionation of 12C and 13C. When the measured value was unknown or unmeasured, this attribute is left blank. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-3
    Maximum:3.16
    Units:parts per thousand (‰)
    Conventional 14C age
    The conventional 14C age is the measured 14C age corrected for the isotopic fractionation using either the measured δ13C value or an assumed value of 0±3‰. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:775
    Maximum:32900
    Units:Years
    Conventional 14C age uncertainty (1-sigma)
    The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty on the conventional radiocarbon (14C) age (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:15
    Maximum:510
    Units:Years
    Delta-R
    Marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-55.49
    Maximum:10.74
    Units:Years
    Delta-R uncertainty (1-sigma)
    The one-standard deviation (1-sigma) uncertainty in the marine radiocarbon reservoir age correction, ΔR (Delta-R) values (in years), based on the conventional radiocarbon age of the sample. The values are based on the time-varying models of ΔR for the nearshore and open ocean regions of south Florida developed by Toth and others (2017, USGS Data Release). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:24.81
    Maximum:42.03
    Units:Years
    Calibrated age (yrs BP)
    The calibrated radiocarbon or U-series age in years before present (where "present" is 1950). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:462
    Maximum:10806
    Units:Years before 1950
    Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, younger)
    The minimum (youngest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:333
    Maximum:10530
    Units:Years before 1950
    Calibrated age BP uncertainty (2-sigma, older)
    The maximum (oldest age) of the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty (95% confidence interval) of the calibrated age. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:533
    Maximum:11110
    Units:Years before 1950
    Depth in core (m)
    Approximated depth in the core (measured from the top of the core) of where the sample was collected in meters (m). This attribute is left blank for samples that were not collected from cores. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:16.8
    Units:meters
    Sample elevation (m MSL)
    The elevation in meters (m) of the sample relative to mean sea level (MSL). For samples collected from cores, this value was calculated by subtracting the depth of the sample in the core from the depth of the reef surface where the core was collected. Elevations of non-core samples were estimated in the field. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-30
    Maximum:-2
    Units:meters relative to mean sea level (m MSL)
    Water depth uncertainty (2-sigma)
    The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with estimating the water depth in the field, assumed to be 0.5 m for measurements using an underwater depth gauge (after Hijma and others, 2015). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:0.5
    Units:meters
    Tidal uncertainty (2-sigma)
    For samples whose water depth could not be corrected to mean sea level using a tidal datum, the two-standard deviation (2-sigma) tidal uncertainty in meters (m) is calculated as one-half the tidal range of the nearest tidal datum (after Hijma and others, 2015). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.3335
    Maximum:0.4585
    Units:meters
    Coring uncertainty (2-sigma)
    The two-standard deviation (2-sigma) uncertainty in meters (m) associated with determining sample elevation from rotary cores, assumed to be 0.15 m (after Hijma and others, 2015). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.15
    Maximum:0.15
    Units:meters
    Sampling depth uncertainty (2-sigma)
    This attribute includes all other sources of sampling uncertainty and is reported as two-standard deviations (2-sigma). For samples collected from rotary cores, this value is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples). (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.1524
    Maximum:1.524
    Units:meters
    Total elevation uncertainty (2-sigma)
    The total two-standard deviation (2-sigma) elevation uncertainty of the sample calculated by taking the root-sum-square of the Water depth uncertainty, the Tidal uncertainty, the Coring uncertainty, and the Sampling uncertainty. (Source: USGS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.50
    Maximum:1.65
    Units:USGS
    Coral taxon dated
    The taxa of the dated coral sample. Corals were generally identified to the species level, but some taxa could only be identified to the genus level. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    Acropora palmataThe sample was collected from an Acropora palmata coral skeleton.
    Orbicella spp.The sample was collected from an Orbicella spp. coral skeleton. Includes corals belonging to the genus Orbicella (O. faveolata, O. fanksii, and O. annularis).
    Montastraea cavernosaThe sample was collected from a Montastraea cavernosa coral skeleton.
    Pseudodiploria strigosaThe sample was collected from a Pseudodiploria strigosa coral skeleton.
    Siderastrea sidereaThe sample was collected from a Siderastrea siderea coral skeleton.
    Dichocoenia stokesiiThe sample was collected from a Dichocoenia stokesii coral skeleton.
    carbonate reef rockThe sample was non-coral carbonate reef rock.
    Mancinia aerolataThe sample was collected from a Mancinia aerolata coral skeleton.
    Dendrogyra cylindrusThe sample was collected from a Dendrogyra cylindrus coral skeleton.
    Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N)
    If the sample was included in the reconstruction of Holocene reef development in southeast Florida described in Toth and others (2021). Only samples from in-situ Acropora palmata coral skeletons with ages that passed screening (see Stathakopoulos and others 2020) were included. (Source: USGS)
    ValueDefinition
    YY=yes. The sample was included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction.
    NN=no. The sample was not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction.
    Reason for exclusion
    If the attribute Included in Toth et al. 2021 (Y/N) has a domain value of N, this attribute describes why the sample was excluded from the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction. (Source: USGS) Description of why some samples were not included in the Toth and others (2021) reconstruction.
    Primary reference
    For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. (Source: USGS) For previously published data, this attribute provides the citation for the original study where those data can be found. Abbreviated citations (lead author(s) last name(s) and year of publication) for publications that have described the core previously. See cross-references for full citations.

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Lauren T. Toth
    • William F. Precht
    • Alexander B. Modys
    • Anastasios Stathakopoulos
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    Florida Atlantic University and Dial Cordy and Associates, Inc.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Lauren T. Toth
    USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (SPCMSC)
    Research Oceanographer
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    United States

    727-502-8029 (voice)
    ltoth@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Data were collected in order to determine the spatial and temporal variability of Holocene coral-reef growth off the coast of southeast Florida (Miami-Dade to Palm Beach Counties)

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2019 (process 1 of 3)
    Sampling of Holocene corals: This database includes data from samples collected in previous studies as well as new coral samples from Holocene reefs in southeast Florida collected by USGS researchers and collaborators as part of this study. Some samples were collected from rotary core records (Lidz and others 2003; Banks et al. 2007; Stathakopoulos and Riegl 2015) and those samples can be identified by the "Core ID" attribute. Some other samples were collected from existing man-made exposures of the reef framework from dredging (Port Miami samples, this study; Shinn and others 1977), a pipeline installation (Lighty and others 1978), or a ship grounding (Precht and others 2000). The remaining samples were collected from the reef surface using either a hammer and chisel or an underwater drill equipped with a coring bit. Detailed methods related to sample collection and processing are provided in Toth and others (2021). All samples collected as part of this study are stored in the USGS Core Archive (https://doi.org/10.5066/F7319TR3).
    Date: 2019 (process 2 of 3)
    Sample elevation: The water depths where the samples were collected were recorded in the field using underwater depth gauges. For more recent sample collections, the field-based measurements were corrected to mean sea level using data from the nearest NOAA tidal datum. Sample elevations that could not be tide corrected, were assumed to be relative to mean sea level, but an error term equivalent to one-half the tidal depth range at the nearest National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tidal datum was applied. We also incorporated elevation errors associated with 1) estimating water depths with underwater depth gauges (0.5 meters [m]), 2) the rotary coring method (0.15 m), and 3) other "sampling depth" uncertainties. For samples collected from rotary cores, the sampling depth uncertainty is the uncertainty associated with determining the location of a sample in a core. This is primarily a consequence of the poor recovery of rotary cores, which allows material to shift within intervals. This uncertainty is scaled based on where the sample was collected within the interval. For samples collected within 0.5 foot (0.1524 m) of the top of the interval, this uncertainty is 0.5 feet (0.1524 m). For samples collected within 1 foot of the top or bottom of an interval, this uncertainty is 1 foot (~0.3 m). For all other samples, the uncertainty is 1/2 the length of the interval. Other sources of sampling depth uncertainty include: a depth range rather than a specific depth for some samples (BR-IR-MR-8.5b,c,d); the full range of depths was applied as an uncertainty and uncertainty associated with whether in place or collapsed Acropora palmata framework was sampled (MD-IR-PM and MD-OR-PM surface samples).
    Date: 2019 (process 3 of 3)
    Radiometric dating: Radiometric ages of the samples were measured by a combination of radiocarbon and U-series dating. Radiocarbon ages for the majority of the samples were determined by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at either the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (NOSAMS) facility, at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, or the Center for Applied Isotope Studies at the University of Georgia. Some of the samples included in this study were radiocarbon dated using the rapid methodology developed at the University of California, Irvine (Bush and others 2013). Some samples dated in previous studies were radiocarbon dated using standard, bulk dating methodologies (Shinn and others 1977; Lighty and others 1978; Precht and others 2000; Lidz and others 2003), and some samples from Stathakopoulos and Riegl (2015) and Banks and others (2007) were dated using U-series methodologies. Ages from previous studies reported as conventional radiocarbon ages were corrected for the fractionation of δ13C based on measured δ13C or δ13C=0±4‰, if not measured. All radiocarbon ages were calibrated to years before present (where “present” is 1950) using the temporally-explicit local radiocarbon reservoir age offsets for the nearshore regions of south Florida derived by Toth and others (2017).
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Lidz, Barbara H., Reich, Chris D., and Shinn, Eugene A., 2003, Regional Quaternary submarine geomorphology in the Florida Keys: GSA Bulletin, Geological Society of America, McLean, VA.

    Online Links:

    Toth, Lauren T., Kuffner, Ilsa B., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Shinn, Eugene A., 2018, A 3,000-year lag between the geological and ecological shutdown of Florida's coral reefs: Global Change Biology, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Hoboken, New Jersey.

    Online Links:

    Banks, Kenneth W., Riegl, Bernhard M., Shinn, Eugene A., Piller, Werner E., and Dodge, Richard E., 2007, Geomorphology of the Southeast Florida continental reef tract (Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach Counties, USA): Coral Reefs, Springer, Berlin, Germany.

    Online Links:

    Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Riegl, Bernhard M., 2015, Accretion history of mid-Holocene coral reefs from the southeast Florida continental reef tract, USA: Coral Reefs, Springer, Berlin, Germany.

    Online Links:

    Precht, William F., Macintyre, Ian G., Dodge, Richard E., Banks, Kenneth, and Fischer, Lew, 2000, Backstepping of Holocene reefs along Florida's east coast: Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies, Bali.

    Lighty, Robin G., Macintyre, Ian G., and Stuckenrath, Robert, 1978, Submerged early-Holocene barrier reef south-east Florida Shelf: Nature, Macmillan Publishers Limited, Basingstoke, United Kingdom.

    Online Links:

    Shinn, Eugene A., Hudson, James H., Halley, Robert B., and Lidz, Barbara H., 1977, Topographic control and accumulation rate of some Holocene coral reefs: South Florida and Dry Tortugas: Proceedings of the 3rd International Coral Reef Symposium, International Society for Reef Studies, Miami, FL.

    Online Links:

    Toth, Lauren T., Stathakopoulos, Anastasios, and Kuffner, Ilsa B., 2018, Descriptive Core Logs, Core Photographs, Radiocarbon Ages, and Accretion Data from Holocene Reef Cores Collected Throughout the Florida Keys Reef Tract: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Online Links:

    Walker, Brian K., 2012, Spatial Analyses of Benthic Habitats to Define Coral Reef Ecosystem Regions and Potential Biogeographic Boundaries along a Latitudinal Gradient: PLOSOne, Public Library of Science, Online.

    Online Links:

    Bush, Shari L., Santos, Guaciara M., Xu, Xiaomei, Southon, John R., Thiagarajan, Nivedita, Hines, Sophia K., and Adkins, Jess F., 2013, Simple, rapid, and cost effective: A screening method for 14C analysis of small carbonate samples: Radiocarbon, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

    Online Links:

    Toth, Lauren T., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. Lawrence, Ashe, E., and Richey, Julie N., 2017, Local Radiocarbon Reservoir Age (ΔR) Variability from the Nearshore and Open-Ocean Environments of the Florida Keys Reef Tract During the Holocene and Associated U-Series and Radiocarbon Data: U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, FL.

    Online Links:

    Hijma, Marc P., Engelhart, Simon E., Tornqvist, Torbjorn E., Horton, Benjamin P., Hu, Ping, and Hill, David F., 2015, A protocol for a geological sea-level database (in Handbook of Sea-Level Research): Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, NJ.

    Online Links:

    Toscano, M.A., and Macintyre, I.G., 2003, Corrected western Atlantic sea-level curve for the last 11,000 years based on calibrated 14C dates from Acropora palmata framework and intertidal mangrove peat: Coral Reefs, Springer, Berlin, Germany.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Data set is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. The U.S. Geological Survey requests to be acknowledged as originator of these data in future products or derivative research.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Lauren T. Toth
    USGS, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Research Oceanographer
    600 4th Street South
    St. Petersburg, FL
    US

    727-502-8029 (voice)
    ltoth@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system, or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described or contained herein. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    None.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 12-Apr-2021
Metadata author:
Lauren T. Toth
USGS St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center
Research Oceanographer
600 4th Street South
St. Petersburg, FL
US

727-502-8029 (voice)
ltoth@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/spcmsc/SFCRT_Holocene_coral_data_metadata.faq.html>
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