Dependence of sedimentation rate and behavior on pore fluid chemistry for pure, endmember fines

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What does this data set describe?

Title:
Dependence of sedimentation rate and behavior on pore fluid chemistry for pure, endmember fines
Abstract:
The safety, effectiveness and longevity of many construction and geotechnical engineering projects rely on correctly accounting for the evolution of soil properties over time. Critical sediment properties, such as compressibility, can change in response to pore-fluid chemistry changes, particularly if the sediment contains appreciable concentrations of fine-grained materials. Pore-fluid changes act at the micro scale, altering interactions between sediment particles, or between sediment particles and the pore fluid. These micro-scale alterations change how sediment fabrics and void ratios develop, which directly impacts macro-scale properties such as sediment compressibility. The goal of this study is to correlate sediment compressibility, a macro-scale property, to the micro-scale pore-fluid chemistry effects and ultimately to the electrical sensitivity for each sediment. Such a correlation would allow compressibility behavior to be estimated from knowledge of the index properties and mineralogy profile for each sediment. The data in this release support the correlation effort by providing: 1) sedimentation results that provide insight into micro-scale sediment fabric and void ratio dependence on sediment/fluid interactions, and 2) consolidation results that quantify the macro-scale compressibility and recompressibility parameters for a suite of fine-grained sediments and differing pore fluids. The related journal publication (Jang and others, 2018) demonstrates how the macro-scale compressibility and recompressibility results from the consolidation tests are linked back, through the sediment fabric and void ratio data from the sedimentation tests, to the micro-scale impact of pore-fluid chemistry and sediment electrical sensitivity.
Supplemental_Information:
In addition to funding from the U.S. Geological Survey Gas Hydrate Project, this work is sponsored in part by the Department of Energy, both through an interagency agreement (DE-FE0026166) and a grant awarded to Louisiana State University (DE-FE0028966). More information about the project can be found at: https://www.netl.doe.gov/research/oil-and-gas/project-summaries/methane-hydrate/fe0028966-lsu-fe0026166-usgs. Version 1.0 of this data release was replaced by Version 1.1 in August, 2019 to add data for diatom sedimentation in a selection of pore fluids that had not been measured when Version 1.0 was released. Differences between versions is explained in Version 1.1. process step below.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Jang, Junbong, 2019, Dependence of sedimentation rate and behavior on pore fluid chemistry for pure, endmember fines: data release DOI:10.5066/F77M076K, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Jang, Junbong, Cao, Shuang C., Stern, Laura A., Jung, Jongwon, and Waite, William F., 2019, Effect of pore fluid chemistry on the sedimentation and compression behavior of pure, endmember fines: data release DOI:10.5066/F77M076K, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Effect of pore fluid chemistry on the sedimentation and compression behavior of pure, endmember fines (Version 1.1, August, 2019): U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/F77M076K.
    This dataset supports the following publication:
    Jang, J., Cao, S.C., Stern, L.A., Jung, J., and Waite, W.F., 2018, Impact of pore-fluid chemistry on fine-grained sediment fabric and compressibility: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2018JB015872, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB015872.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -180
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: 180
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 90
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: -90
  3. What does it look like?
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/5a8da9cde4b0699060594fae?name=Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png (PNG)
    Image showing sedimentation behavior dependence on pore fluid chemistry.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Calendar_Date: 2019
    Currentness_Reference:
    These data are collected from laboratory measurements of generic endmember sediment types that were purchased rather than collected. The relevant reference for currentness is given as the publication date, which was originally 2018. The Version 1.1 release in 2019 contains additional data for the diatom sediment as described in the updated process steps.
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data_V1_1
    Depositional and accumulated sediment interface heights of pure, fine-grained sediment specimens allowed to settle in various fluids. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Sediment
    Type of sediment used in the settling test (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) Character set (text).
    Elapsed Time [min]
    Time elapsed since well-mixed specimen was allowed to begin settling. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.08
    Maximum:5760.0
    Units:minutes
    Deionized Water_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:26.0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Deionized Water_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with deionized water to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Kerosene_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with kerosene to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:27.3
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Kerosene_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with kerosene to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:27.3
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    1mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (1mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:21.0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    1mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (1mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    10mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (10mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:21.0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    10mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (10mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    100mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (100mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:18.2
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    100mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (100mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    600mM_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (600mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:16.8
    Maximum:151.1
    Units:millimeters
    600mM_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (600mM NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:151.1
    Units:millimeters
    1M_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (1M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:19.7
    Maximum:151.1
    Units:millimeters
    1M_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (1M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2.54
    Maximum:151.1
    Units:millimeters
    2M_Brine_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:18.4
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    2M_Brine_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with brine (2M NaCl) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Sodium Hexametaphosphate_Depositional Interface Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with a solution of water and Sodium Hexametaphosphate (654mM (NaPO3)6) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the settling sediment and the overlying fluid. Overlying fluid could be clear or it could be cloudy if sediment particles formed a colloidal suspension in the fluid. Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Sodium Hexametaphosphate_Accumulated Sediment Height [mm]
    Sediment is mixed with a solution of water and Sodium Hexametaphosphate (654mM (NaPO3)6) to obtain these data. Each entry is the height of the interface between the accumulated sediment at the base of the specimen and the overlying mixture of sediment and fluid that is still settling. Entries that are equal to the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting uniform sedimentation (all particles or particle clusters falling at the same rate). Entries that are less than the corresponding Depositional Interface Height indicate specimens exhibiting Segregated Sedimentation (larger particles or particle clusters falling faster than smaller particles or particle clusters). Blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for that row. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:152.4
    Units:millimeters
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    These data are available in a Microsoft Excel XLSX as well as a CSV format. The first line in the XLSX and CSV file is a header line and those labels are the same as those defined in the attribute section.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Junbong Jang
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Junbong Jang
    Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2278 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    jjang@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Sedimentation measurements of the patterns and rates at which particles settle in fluids of different chemical makeup yield insights into the dependence of interparticle interactions on fluid chemistry. Data contained in this report cover a suite of fine-grained material types and pore fluid chemistries to provide trends for interpreting sediment compressibility over a range of environments, applications and system-evolution scenarios. The sedimentation data is used to interpret the associated compressibility data from this data release in the related journal article (Jang and others, 2018).

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2017 (process 1 of 5)
    Specimen set-up:
    After oven-drying one of the seven sediment types, sediment was spooned into a 25.4 mm diameter acrylic settling tube (settling tube pictured in the browse graphic). Gentle spooning of sediment into the settling tube created a loose-packed (maximum void ratio) fabric with a sediment height of 25.4 mm. The sediment was then mixed with a one of the test fluids to a final height of 152.4 mm to obtain a ratio of one to six in the diameter to height of the fluid column. The mixture was allowed to stabilize for more than twelve hours before the cylinder was evacuated in order to remove gas from the fluid. After degassing the fluid, the headspace was reopened to the atmosphere momentarily before a new stopper was inserted into the cylinder top to seal the specimen and water for the duration of the test. The sealed cylinder was shaken for one minute before being left to settle undisturbed. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Junbong Jang
    Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2278 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    jjang@usgs.gov
    Date: 2017 (process 2 of 5)
    Measurement: Heights of the depositional interface and the accumulated sediment interface were measured as functions of time until the interface locations stabilized (one to four days, see Browse Graphic for example of sedimentation behavior). Measurement intervals increased with time in an approximately logarithmic fashion over the course of a complete test to capture time-varying behavior of the sedimentation. Time measurements were made with a stopwatch, and had a precision of ± 0.2 min. Height measurements were made with a ruler affixed to the cylinder, and had a precision of ± 0.1 mm. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Junbong Jang
    Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2278 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    jjang@usgs.gov
    Date: 2019 (process 3 of 5)
    Version 1.1: results have been added from additional testing done on diatoms since the release of Version 1.0. In Version 1.0, the diatom sediment type was not measured in each of the pore fluids used in this study. Version 1.1 includes the Version 1.0 results, with the addition of diatom results for sedimentation in brine concentrations of 1mM, 10mM, 100mM, 600mM and 1M, and for diatom sedimentation in the dispersant, Hexametaphosphate. Measurements were made according to the process steps listed for Version 1.0, and blank entries indicate no measurement was made at the given time for the given pairing of sediment and fluid. For the added diatom data, three additional time intervals (1125, 1860 and 4320 seconds) were utilized for certain fluids. To reflect new data results, the Range Domain values in the Attribute metadata below were updated as necessary. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Junbong Jang
    Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2278 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    jjang@usgs.gov
    Date: 2019 (process 4 of 5)
    Data archiving: Microsoft Excel version 16.16.10 was used to gather all data in a spreadsheet. Measured interface heights and elapsed times were arranged by sediment and pore fluid type. Results were then exported to a comma-separated values (csv) file format. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: Junbong Jang
    Geophysicist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2278 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    jjang@usgs.gov
    Date: 07-Aug-2020 (process 5 of 5)
    Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Measurements were made at the U.S. Geological Survey in the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant horizontal position data for this work.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    Measurements were made at the U.S. Geological Survey in the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA on pure, endmember sediment specimens that were purchased rather than acquired through a field activity. There are no relevant vertical position data for this work.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Not all sediment types were measured in every fluid, so not all spreadsheet columns contain data for each sediment. Blank interface height entries within a column of measured data occur for one of two reasons: either the interface height in question could not be resolved at the stated measurement time, or that particular measurement time was not utilized for the given sediment-fluid pairing.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    The settlement tubes used in this work were all cut from the same acrylic tube, and thus are all of the same diameter. Equal heights of sediment and liquid were used in each test, and agitation times prior to allowing the system to settle were equivalent.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None.
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? This dataset contains four files: Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data.xlsx (data in an Excel spreadsheet), Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data.csv (same data in a comma-separated text file), Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_BrowseGraphic.png (browse graphic), and FGDC CSDGM metadata in XML format.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data are available in XLSX and CSV formats, and a browse graphic in PNG format. The user must have software capable of reading the data formats.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 07-Aug-2020
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey
Attn: William F. Waite
Geophysicist
384 Woods Hole Rd.
Woods Hole, MA

508-548-8700 x2346 (voice)
508-457-2310 (FAX)
wwaite@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/SB_data_release/DR_F77M076K/Endmember_Fines_Sedimentation_Data_meta.faq.html>
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