Data compilation of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements from global warming experiments from 1994-2014

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Data compilation of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements from global warming experiments from 1994-2014
Abstract:
This dataset is the largest global dataset to date of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements, totaling >3800 observations representing 27 temperature manipulation studies, spanning nine biomes and nearly two decades of warming experiments. Data for this study were obtained from a combination of unpublished data and published literature values. We find that although warming increases soil respiration rates, there is limited evidence for a shifting respiration response with experimental warming. We also note a universal decline in the temperature sensitivity of respiration at soil temperatures >25°C.
This dataset includes 3817 observations, from control (n=1812), first (i.e., lowest or sole) level warming (n=1812), second (higher) level warming (n=179, four studies), and third-level warming (n=14, one study). Experiment locations ranged from 33.5 to 68.4 degrees N latitude and the duration of warming at experiments ranged from <1 to 22 years (average 5.1 years). Depths of soil temperature (1-10 cm) and moisture measurements (5-30) ranged across studies, but were always consistent between warmed and control plots within a particular study. Each site was classified into a particular biome (grassland, northern shrubland (i.e., peatlands and heathlands), southern shrubland (i.e., Mediterranean or sub-tropical shrublands)), tundra, desert, meadow, temperate agriculture, temperate forest and boreal forest) by the associated principal investigator (PI).
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Carey, Joanna C., Tang, Jianwu, Templer, Pamela H., Kroeger, Kevin D., Crowther, Thomas W., Burton, Andrew, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Emmett, Bridget, Frey, Serita, Heskel, Mary, Jiang, Lifen, Machmuller, Megan, Mohan, Jacqueline E., Panetta, Anne Marie, Reich, Peter B., Wang, Xin, Allison, Steven D., Bamminger, Chrisopher, Bridgham, Scott D., Collins, Scott L., Dato, Giovanbattista de, Eddy, William C., Enquist, Brian J., Estiarte, Marc, Harte, John, Henderson, Amanda, Johnson, Bart R., Larsen, Klaus S., Luo, Yiqi, Marhan, Sven, Melillo, Jerry, Peñuelas, Josep, Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel, Poll, Christian, Rastetter, Edward B., Reinmann, Andy, Reynolds, Lorien L., Schmidt, Inger K., Shaver, Gaius R., Strong, Aaron L., Suseela, Vidya, and Tietema, Albert, 2016, Data compilation of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements from global warming experiments from 1994-2014: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Carey, Joanna C., Tang, Jianwu, Templer, Pamela H., Kroeger, Kevin D., Crowther, Thomas W., Burton, Andrew, Dukes, Jeffrey S., Emmett, Bridget, Frey, Serita, Heskel, Mary, Jiang, Lifen, Machmuller, Megan, Mohan, Jacqueline E., Panetta, Anne Marie, Reich, Peter B., Wang, Xin, Allison, Steven D., Bamminger, Chrisopher, Bridgham, Scott D., Collins, Scott L., Dato, Giovanbattista de, Eddy, William C., Enquist, Brian J., Estiarte, Marc, Harte, John, Henderson, Amanda, Johnson, Bart R., Larsen, Klaus S., Luo, Yiqi, Marhan, Sven, Melillo, Jerry, Peñuelas, Josep, Pfeifer-Meister, Laurel, Poll, Christian, Rastetter, Edward B., Reinmann, Andy, Reynolds, Lorien L., Schmidt, Inger K., Shaver, Gaius R., Strong, Aaron L., Suseela, Vidya, and Tietema, Albert, 2016, Temperature response of soil respiration largely unaltered with experimental warming.

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -138.9
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.9
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 68.4
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 33.5
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 1994
    Ending_Date: 2014
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: Spreadsheet (csv file)
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Soil respiration synthesis data
    This dataset is the largest global dataset to date of soil respiration, moisture, and temperature measurements, totaling >3800 observations representing 27 temperature manipulation studies. (Source: Producer defined)
    SiteID
    Each Site ID is a specific site. The Site ID number was randomly generated. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1
    Maximum:67
    Year
    Year that sample was collected (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1994
    Maximum:2014
    DOY
    Day of year that sample was collected. Note that half a day represents noon and is represented by (.5). For example, 366.5 is noon on December 31st of a leap year. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.5
    Maximum:366.5
    Season
    Season of the year (Source: Producer defined)
    ValueDefinition
    GrowingGrowing season - when plants are growing
    Non-GrowingNon-growing season - when plants are not growing
    ShoulderShoulder season - takes into account months of transition and also annual variability
    Treatment
    Warming treatment (Source: Producer defined)
    ValueDefinition
    CC for control
    WW for first or sole level warmed treatment
    W1W1 for second level warmed treatment
    W2W2 for third level warmed treatment
    n_Replicates
    Number of replicates (plot level) (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2
    Maximum:10
    R_avg_umol.m2.s
    Instantaneous flux of soil respiration. Micro mol of carbon per square meter per second (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:13.30
    Units:micro C moles m-2 s-1 (micro mol of carbon per square meter per second)
    Resp_stdev
    Standard deviation of instantaneous flux of soil respiration. Any NA values stand for data not available – these values occur when PIs did not measure this particular attribute. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:5.13
    Units:micro C moles m-2 s-1 (micro mol of carbon per square meter per second)
    Moist_avg_cm3.cm.3
    Instantaneous value of soil moisture (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.0011
    Maximum:0.8160
    Units:cm^3 cm-3
    Moist_stdev
    Standard deviation of instantaneous soil moisture. Any NA values stand for data not available – these values occur when PIs did not measure this particular attribute. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:0.2425
    Units:cm^3 cm-3
    Stemp_Avg_C
    Instantaneous value of soil temperature (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-3.3228
    Maximum:41.49
    Units:Degrees Celsius
    Stemp_SD_C
    Standard deviation of instantaneous soil temperature (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:8.3562
    Units:Degrees Celsius
    WarmingStart
    Year that warming commenced at field site (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1989
    Maximum:2014
    EcosystemType
    Type of biome. We used standard definitions of biomes found in an English dictionary. (Source: Producer defined)
    ValueDefinition
    BorealForestBoreal Forest
    TemperateForestTemperate Forest
    TemperateGrasslandTemperate Grassland
    MeadowMeadow
    N_ShrublandNorthern Shrublands (i.e., peatlands and heathlands)
    S_ShrublandSouthern Shrublands (i.e., Mediterranean or sub-tropical shrublands)
    TemperateAgricultureTemperate Agriculture
    DesertDesert
    WetSedgeTundraWet Sedge Tundra
    sand_pct
    Soil texture type - percent sand. Any NA values stand for data not available – these values occur when PIs did not measure this particular attribute. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9
    Maximum:94.4
    Units:Percent
    silt_pct
    Soil texture type - percent silt. Any NA values stand for data not available – these values occur when PIs did not measure this particular attribute. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0
    Maximum:69
    Units:Percent
    clay_pct
    Soil texture type - percent clay. Any NA values stand for data not available – these values occur when PIs did not measure this particular attribute. (Source: Producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.5
    Maximum:31.2
    Units:Percent

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Joanna C. Carey
    • Jianwu Tang
    • Pamela H. Templer
    • Kevin D. Kroeger
    • Thomas W. Crowther
    • Andrew Burton
    • Jeffrey S. Dukes
    • Bridget Emmett
    • Serita Frey
    • Mary Heskel
    • Lifen Jiang
    • Megan Machmuller
    • Jacqueline E. Mohan
    • Anne Marie Panetta
    • Peter B. Reich
    • Xin Wang
    • Steven D. Allison
    • Chrisopher Bamminger
    • Scott D. Bridgham
    • Scott L. Collins
    • Giovanbattista de Dato
    • William C. Eddy
    • Brian J. Enquist
    • Marc Estiarte
    • John Harte
    • Amanda Henderson
    • Bart R. Johnson
    • Klaus S. Larsen
    • Yiqi Luo
    • Sven Marhan
    • Jerry Melillo
    • Josep Peñuelas
    • Laurel Pfeifer-Meister
    • Christian Poll
    • Edward B. Rastetter
    • Andy Reinmann
    • Lorien L. Reynolds
    • Inger K. Schmidt
    • Gaius R. Shaver
    • Aaron L. Strong
    • Vidya Suseela
    • Albert Tietema
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    USGS John Wesley Powell Center
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Joanna Carey
    The Ecosystems Center
    7 MBL St
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    02543 (voice)
    jcarey@mbl.edu

Why was the data set created?

The data included in this dataset were collected at 27 individual warming studies for the purpose of determining how future climatic warming will alter soil respiration rates, among other response variables not reported in this dataset. This dataset was generated with the purpose of synthesizing the results of these individual studies to better understand how soil respiration will respond to future climatic warming at the biome scale and at high temporal frequencies.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 2014 (process 1 of 4)
    A literature search, which was conducted on September 22, 2014 using Web of Science, produced five publications presenting non-aggregated instantaneous data that were extractable. Unpublished values make up the majority of the data in the dataset. We obtained unpublished data by first creating a list of all known experimental warming studies globally and asking the principal investigators to supply soil respiration data with corresponding soil temperature and moisture values. All individual fluxes were calculated by individual PIs. The experiments generally had several replicate plots for each treatment. We averaged all plot-scale values for each sampling event to obtain one average (± SD) for each treatment for each sampling event (‘sampling events’ typically refer to a single day of sampling, although several studies complete full suites of sampling (i.e., ‘sampling events’) from all plots in both morning and afternoon). Only soil respiration values with corresponding soil moisture and soil temperature values from experimental warming studies were included in our analysis. Only observations from single-factor treatments (i.e., warming) were used, excluding values that combined warming with other treatments (e.g., precipitation or nitrogen manipulation). Four studies included more than one level of warming treatment (e.g., both 1.5 and 3 degrees Celsius warming treatments); in these cases, data from all levels of warming were used. All data were reported as instantaneous change in CO2 efflux over a fixed area, with belowground (i.e., roots and rhizomes), but not aboveground vegetation, included. Only biomes with at least 100 data points are analyzed individually, which prevented Meadow and Tundra from being analyzed in isolation, as these did not have at least 100 data points each. Therefore they are found in the dataset but not in the publication, Carey et al. 2016.
    The following are the published sources of data:
    Reynolds LL, Johnson BR, Pfeifer-Meister L, Bridgham SD (2015) Soil respiration response to climate change in Pacific Northwest prairies is mediated by a regional Mediterranean climate gradient. Glob Chang Biol 21(1):487–500.
    Lellei-Kovács E, et al. (2008) Experimental warming does not enhance soil respiration in a semiarid temperate forest-steppe ecosystem. Community Ecol 9(1):29–37.
    de Dato GD, De Angelis P, Sirca C, Beier C (2009) Impact of drought and increasing temperatures on soil CO2 emissions in a Mediterranean shrubland (gariga). Plant Soil 327(1-2):153–166.
    Saleska SR, Harte J, Torn MS (1999) The effect of experimental ecosystem warming on CO2 fluxes in a montane meadow. Glob Chang Biol 5(2):125–141.
    Flanagan LB, Sharp EJ, Letts MG (2013) Response of plant biomass and soil respiration to experimental warming and precipitation manipulation in a Northern Great Plains grassland. Agric For Meteorol 173:40–52.
    Jarvi MP, Burton AJ (2013) Acclimation and soil moisture constrain sugar maple root respiration in experimentally warmed soil. Tree Physiol 33(9):949–959.
    Suseela V, Conant RT, Wallenstein MD, Dukes JS (2012) Effects of soil moisture on the temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration vary seasonally in an old-field climate change experiment. Glob Chang Biol 18(1):336–348.
    Allison SD, Treseder KK (2008) Warming and drying suppress microbial activity and carbon cycling in boreal forest soils. Glob Chang Biol 14(12):2898–2909.
    Allison SD, McGuire KL, Treseder KK (2010) Resistance of microbial and soil properties to warming treatment seven years after boreal fire. Soil Biol Biochem 42(10):1872–1878.
    Poll C, Marhan S, Back F, Niklaus PA, Kandeler E (2013) Field-scale manipulation of soil temperature and precipitation change soil CO2 flux in a temperate agricultural ecosystem. Agric Ecosyst Environ 165:88–97.
    Johnson LC, et al. (2000) Plant carbon - nutrient interactions control CO2 exchange in Alaskan wet sedge tundra ecosystems. Ecology 81(2):453–469.
    Reinsch, S., Sowerby, A., Emmett, B.A. (2016) Fortnightly soil respiration data from Climoor fieldsite in Clocaenog Forest 1999 – 2015. DOI: 10.5285/[2]c0822023-0ec2-425f-8bf9-a546ce281ee0
    Reinsch, S., Sowerby, A., Emmett, B.A. (2016) Daily plot level (micro meteorological) data at Climoor field site in Clocaenog Forest 1998-2015. DOI: http://doi.org/10.5285/afb994e5-b33d-48b4-ad29-d374b1f9f3c8
    Date: 2015 (process 2 of 4)
    Meta-analysis using log response ratios, standardized mean difference. We used methods from Hedges et al. 1999. We used a log-quadratic temperature response function, as this was the best supported model for most biomes. ln(R)=y0 +y1T+y2T^2 where R is soil respiration (micro mol C m^-2 s-1) and T is soil temperature (Celsius). Using this basic model, we further included warming treatment as an interaction term in order to evaluate differences in the temperature response between warmed versus control plots. We used this model for all biomes, except the boreal forest and northern shrublands, where a log-linear model (ln(R) = y0 + y1T) was the better fit. We evaluated two specific features of the temperature response function: (i) the temperature sensitivity (i.e., the shape of the curve denoted by the first derivative of Eq. 1: (= d ln(R)/dT, Table 1) and (ii) the magnitude of the respiration response when T = 0. More information can be found in the methods section of the paper Carey et al. 2016.
    Date: Unknown (process 3 of 4)
    Standard methods for grain size analysis were used by individual PIs in the original studies.
    Date: 07-Aug-2020 (process 4 of 4)
    Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Hedges, Larry V., Gurevitch, Jessica, and Curtis, Peter S., 1999, The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology: Ecology Vol. 80, No. 4, pp. 1150-1156, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Spot-checking data, analysis of model residuals, sending data to another team member to re-do analysis and double check results.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    No formal positional accuracy tests were conducted. Each site ID represents a specific field site.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    We did not include respiration data if corresponding soil moisture or soil temperature data was not available. Our analysis includes only warming treatment, not combined with other types of treatment (i.e. no measurements from warmed+nitrogen addition, or warmed+drought are included). All years of data are represented. At a few sites, certain soil attributes were not available (i.e. NA).
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints:
The authors of these data require that data users contact them regarding intended use and to assist with understanding limitations and interpretation. The authors of these data require data users seek explicit permission before publishing new analysis and results from these data prior to 2050. Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO
    USA

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 16-Nov-2021
Metadata author:
Joanna Carey
The Ecosystems Center
7 MBL St
Woods Hole, MA
USA

315.521.0562 (voice)
whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
Contact_Instructions:
The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the metadata contact is no longer with the USGS or the email is otherwise invalid.
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/SB_data_release/DR_F7MK6B1X/Soil_measurements_from_global_warming_experiments_1994_2014.faq.html>
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