Town Neck Beach, Massachusetts, 5 cm 2016-2017 Orthomosaics

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   U.S. Geological Survey, 20210824, Town Neck Beach, Massachusetts, 5 cm 2016-2017 Orthomosaics: data release DOI:10.5066/P9BFD3YH, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BFD3YH
   • https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60e74f13d34e2a7685d0c89a

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Sherwood, C., Over, J., and Soenen, K., 2021, Structure from motion products associated with UAS flights in Sandwich, Massachusetts between January 2016 - September 2017: data release DOI:10.5066/P9BFD3YH, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BFD3YH
   • https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60e74d4bd34e2a7685d0c428

   Other_Citation_Details:

   Suggested citation: Sherwood, C.R., Over, J.R., and Soenen, K., 2021, Structure from motion products associated with UAS flights in Sandwich, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BFD3YH.

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.49789642
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.45183235
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.77683606
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.75434970
   

3. What does it look like?

   Ortho_Sandwich_browse.jpg https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/60e74f13d34e2a7685d0c89a?name=Ortho_Sandwich_browse.jpg (JPEG)

   Example section of an orthophoto of Town Neck Beach.

4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Calendar_Date: 22-Jan-2016

   Currentness_Reference:

   ground condition: data represent twelve days of collection between January 2016 and September 2017

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
   

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Raster data set. It contains the following raster data types:
      • Dimensions, type Pixel
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      

      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

      UTM_Zone_Number: 19
      Transverse_Mercator:

      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69.000000
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0.000000
      

      Planar coordinates are encoded using row and column
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 1
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 1
      Planar coordinates are specified in meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   20160122_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on January 22, 2016. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Pixel based raster matrix with 3 layers of information for each pixel. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20160125_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on January 25, 2016. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20160211_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on February 11, 2016. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20160330_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on March 30, 2016. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20160921_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on September 21, 2016. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170109_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on February 9, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170125_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on January 25, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170214_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on February 14, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170316_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on March 16, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170428_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on April 28, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170504_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on May 4, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   20170918_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif

   A raster dataset (unsigned 8-bit integer Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded RGB values of Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts as recorded on September 18, 2017. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. (Source: Producer defined)

   Band_1

   Red wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_2

   Green wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Band_3

   Blue wavelength band (Source: Photoscan)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	0
   Maximum:	255

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:

   There are no text attributes associated with an RGB GeoTIFF image. There are no “no-data” values. The filename for each ortho product is formatted as "date_location_DEM_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif", where date is the date the images were collected (in YYYYMMDD format), location is SandwichTNB where TNB is Town Neck Beach in Massachusetts, Ortho stands for an orthorectifed product, 10cm indicates the resolution of the grid, UTM19N_NAVD88 denotes the horizontal and vertical reference systems, and cog is Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF.

   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS
   

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • U.S. Geological Survey
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   Christopher R Sherwood

   U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region

   Research Oceanographer

   Mail Stop 999, 384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   US

   508-457-2269 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   csherwood@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   Imagery and Ground Control Points from 2016 Flights (source 1 of 2)

   Montgomery, Ellyn T, Sherwood, Christopher R, Traykovski, Peter, Irwin, Barry, Borden, Jonathan, Martini, Marinna M, and Minor, Simon, 2019, Geotagged Low-Altitude Aerial Imagery From Unmanned Aerial System Flights Over Town Neck Beach, in Sandwich, Massachusetts, With Associated Ground Control Points, and Transects Collected by the U.S. Geological Survey on January 22, January 25, February 11, March 30, and September 21, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/p9cjombm

   Type_of_Source_Media: disc
   Source_Contribution: Source JPEG imagery and control points for 2016 flights
   

   Imagery and Ground Control Points from 2017 Flights (source 2 of 2)

   Sherwood, Christopher R, Traykovski, Peter A., Montgomery, Ellyn T, Borden, Jonathan, Brosnahan, Sandra M., Irwin, Barry J., Marsjanik, Eric D, Martini, Marinna A, and Suttles, Steven E, 2019, Geotagged Low-Altitude Aerial Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Systems Flights over Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, With Associated Ground Control Points, and Transects, Collected on January 9, January 25, February 14, March 16, April 28, May 4, and September 18, 2017: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/f7qc02rm

   Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy
   Source_Contribution: Source JPEG imagery and control points for 2017 flights
   

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: Nov-2017 (process 1 of 2)

   The images and ground control points published in the 2016 and 2017 data releases were processed in Photoscan (v. 1.2-1.4) following the general workflow of Over and others (2021). The general steps and deviations for each individual date are provided here. All flights were processed in UTM Zone 19N relative to NAD83(2011) and NAVD88 (m).
   1. Separate camera models and camera groups were created for each flight. Image sets were edited to remove images that were blurry, tilted to include the horizon, showed only water, or were taken before takeoff or after landing.
   2. Imagery (with positions) were aligned to create a point cloud using a 'High' alignment setting, keypoint limit of 80,000, tiepoint limit of 0.
   3. The resultant point cloud was filtered using one iteration of the 'Reconstruction uncertainty' filter at a level of 10, one iteration of the 'Projection accuracy' filter at a level of 3, and two iterations of the 'Reprojection accuracy' filer at a level of 0.3. With each filter iteration points were selected, deleted, and then the camera model optimized to refine the focal length, cx, cy, k1, k2, k3, p1, and p2 camera model coefficients.
   4. Detect Markers Tool was used to auto locate GCP targets, and the locations of targets not found through this procedure (including non-standard in-place targets) were manually located.
   5. A high quality dense point cloud was generated for the chunk with 'aggressive' filtering.
   6. A DEM was built from the dense point cloud with interpolation (inverse distance weighting) enabled.
   7. DEM was exported in NAD83(2011) UTM Zone 19N and NAVD88(meters) with a 10 centimeter cell size.
   8. Orthomosaics were generated using the DEM surface and “mosaic” blending mode and exported with a resolution of 5 centimeters. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Christopher R Sherwood

   U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region

   Research Oceanographer

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   US

   508-457-2269 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   csherwood@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • Imagery and Ground Control Points from 2016 Flights
   • Imagery and Ground Control Points from 2017 Flights

   Date: 07-Jul-2021 (process 2 of 2)

   Final orthomosaics were turned into Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) using gdal_translate with the following command: ‘for %i in (.\*.tif) do gdal_translate %i .\cog\%~ni_cog.tif -co COMPRESS=LZW -co COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS=YES -co BIGTIFF=YES -co TILED=YES’ (v. 3.1.4 accessed October 20, 2020 https://gdal.org/). Where i was the name of each geoTIFF section. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   Jin-Si R Over

   U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region

   Geographer

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   US

   508-457-2269 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   jover@usgs.gov

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
   Over, Jin-Si R., Ritchie, Andrew C., Kranenburg, Christine J., Brown, Jenna A., Buscombe, Daniel D., Noble, Tom, Sherwood, Christopher R., Warrick, Jonathan A., and Wernette, Phillipe A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation: US Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20211039

   Other_Citation_Details:

   This is a user guide that details the Agisoft Metashape workflow that take imagery and creates 3D products. Photoscan is the precursor program to Metashape but the steps are very similar.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   The source imagery and positional information and metadata that were used to create these photogrammetrically derived digital elevation models are available here: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9CJOMBM and https://doi.org/10.5066/F7QC02RM. Information on the horizontal accuracies of the source data can be found within the data release metadata. Ground Control Points were used to constrain the products. No color corrections were applied to the ortho products. GeoTIFFs are in full-color.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   The horizontal positional accuracy for each orthomosaic was evaluated against independent photo-identifiable ground control points (GCPs) measured with survey-grade GPS, each survey has between 19-41 GCPs associated with the survey, which have horizontal accuracies around 1.5 cm. The total horizontal Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the DEMs is on average 10 cm.
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   There are no vertical positions associated with this data product.
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   Repeat UAS surveys were done to map Town Neck Beach and adjacent Spring Hill Beach in Sandwich, MA twelve times between January 2016-September 2017. The final ortho products are interpolated and have not been cropped, therefore they may cover more area than the DEM products available in the larger work citation.
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   All aerial photographs were acquired by with the integrated DJI FC300X camera mounted on a DJI Phantom 3 quadcopter unmanned aerial system (UAS). Images were collected along pre-planned lines with 50 to 60% cross-track overlap and 65-70% along-track overlap. After images were aligned the dense cloud was edited (see processing steps) to remove erroneous points from the surface before constructing the elevation model and orthomosaic. The final product may appear blurry or distorted near the surfzone and edges where imagery overlap occurs over moving parts and buildings.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase

   Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302

   Denver, CO
   

   1-888- 275-8747 (voice)

   sciencebase@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? This data release includes twelve 5-cm resolution LZW compressed Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs of Sandwich Town Neck Beach from January 2016 to September 2017. In order from oldest to most recent the files are 20160122_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (1248MB), 20160125_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (686MB), 20160211_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (830MB), 20160330_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (1249MB), 20160921_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (1450MB), 20170109_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (1114MB), 20170125_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (786MB), 20170214_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (764MB), 20170316_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (809MB), 20170428_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (821MB), 20170504_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (1246MB), 20170918_SandwichTNB_Ortho_5cm_UTM19N_NAVD88_cog.tif (734MB).
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
   Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	Cloud optimized 8-bit unsigned integer 5-cm GeoTIFFs stored with LZW compression. in format GeoTIFF Size: 5452.976
     Network links:	https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/60e74f13d34e2a7685d0c89a https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60e74d4bd34e2a7685d0c428 https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/60e74f13d34e2a7685d0c89a https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BFD3YH

   • Cost to order the data: none

5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
   Use of this file requires software capable of opening GeoTIFF files and, if desired, capable of visualizing cloud optimized GeoTIFFs

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 19-Mar-2024

Metadata author:

Jin-Si R Over

U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region

Geographer

384 Woods Hole Road

Woods Hole, MA

US

508-457-2269 (voice)

508-457-2310 (FAX)

whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov

Contact_Instructions:

The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240319)

Metadata standard:

Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)