Digital surface models of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge DUNEX Site, North Carolina in September and October 2021

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Digital surface models of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge DUNEX Site, North Carolina in September and October 2021
Abstract:
The data in this part of the release are digital surface models (DSMs) that characterize the beach at the USGS DUring Nearshore Event eXperiment (DUNEX) site on Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, NC. DUNEX is a multi-agency, academic, and non-governmental organization collaborative community experiment designed to study nearshore coastal processes during storm events. USGS participation in DUNEX will contribute new measurements and models that will increase our understanding of storm impacts to coastal environments, including hazards to humans and infrastructure and changes in landscape and natural habitats. Collected data are part of field activity 2021-029-FA and are related to field activity 2021-028-FA and 2021-032-FA. During September and October 2021, USGS and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) scientists conducted multiple field surveys to collect a topobathy elevation time series. Images of the beach for use in structure from motion (SfM) were taken with a camera attached to a helium filled balloon-kite (Helikite). Agisoft Metashape (v. 1.8.1) was used to create orthomosaics (combined imagery rasters) and DSMs with the collected imagery.
Supplemental_Information:
For more information about the WHCMSC Field Activity, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-029-FA. Information about the DUNEX project is available at https://usgs.gov/dunex2021. The bounding coordinates below represent the maximum extents of all the surveys, no single survey covers the entire extent. The digital surface model (DSM), a type of digital elevation model (DEM), includes returns from the vegetation canopy. Geospatial software is recommended for viewing.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Over, Jin-Si R., 20220607, Digital surface models of Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge DUNEX Site, North Carolina in September and October 2021: data release DOI:10.5066/P9DPZZG2, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Over, Jin-Si R., Sherwood, Christopher R., Traykovski, Peter A., Brosnahan, Sandra M., Olson, Alex J., and Randall, Noa R., 2022, DUNEX topographic, bathymetric, and supporting GPS data collected in Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina 2020-2021: data release DOI:10.5066/P9DPZZG2, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Over, J.R., Sherwood, C.R., Traykovski, P.A., Olson, A., Randall, N., and Brosnahan, S.M., 2022, DUNEX topographic, bathymetric, and supporting GPS data collected in Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, North Carolina 2020-2021: U.S Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9DPZZG2.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.48135278
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -75.47900784
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.68030119
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 35.67433935
  3. What does it look like?
    https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/file/get/623dcdc5d34e915b67d65bc2?name=PINWR_DSM_browse.JPG&allowOpen=true (JPEG)
    Example elevation shaded digital surface model of Pea Island.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Calendar_Date: 07-Sep-2021
    Currentness_Reference:
    Ground condition: data represent nine days of collection between September 2021 and October 2021
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Raster data set. It contains the following raster data types:
      • Dimensions, type Pixel
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 18
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69.000000
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0.000000
      Planar coordinates are encoded using row and column
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.05
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.05
      Planar coordinates are specified in meters
      The horizontal datum used is NAD83_National_Spatial_Reference_System_2011.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-07_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 7, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.028 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.031 m. Using the vertical checkpoint method (n=3,081) the total vertical error is 0.073 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.130
    Maximum:7.519
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-08_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 8, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.072 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.033 m. Using the vertical checkpoint method (n=454) the total vertical error is 0.043 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.165
    Maximum:8.752
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-11_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 11, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.040 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.020 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.119
    Maximum:9.053
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-19_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 19, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.021 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.013 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.557
    Maximum:13.824
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-25_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 25, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. There were no GCPs in this survey, suggest using conservative 0.050 m horizontal and vertical accuracy estimates. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.232
    Maximum:9.159
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_09-26_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on September 26, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.084 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.053 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.018
    Maximum:9.421
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_10-03_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on October 3, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.160 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 0.720 m. Using the vertical checkpoint method (n=27) the total vertical error is 0.036 m. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.249
    Maximum:7.225
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_10-12_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on October 12, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.100 m due to consistently blurry images and suspect vertical values. All GCPs were used as check points in the 4D align, total check point error estimate was 0.550 m (xyz: 0.032, 0.014, 0.559). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.069
    Maximum:8.521
    Units:meters
    2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_10-19_cog.tif
    A raster DSM dataset (Cloud optimized GeoTIFF format) with encoded elevation values of the DUNEX Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge site, North Carolina on October 19, 2021. Pixel resolution is 5-cm. Accuracy of GCPs set to 0.010 m; B22 and B33 were removed due to suspect values. Imagery not processed in 4D due to poor alignment and high GCP errors that suggest a larger problem with the specific imagery and GCP dataset. Based off of the GCP method the total horizontal accuracy estimate is 0.789 m and the vertical accuracy estimate is 5.326 m. However, on inspection with other raster products the horizontal and vertical estimate of the DSM is likely exaggerated. The vertical offset to other DSMs from this release upon further inspection is within 0.20 m on the upper beach and dune system. Use with caution. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program)
    Value
    Surface elevation orthometric height (m) in UTM Zone 18N, NAVD88 using Geoid 2018. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center)
    ValueDefinition
    -3.402823E38No data
    Range of values
    Minimum:-0.713
    Maximum:9.182
    Units:meters
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Pixels represent elevation in meters relative to NAVD88. There are 9 DSM 32-bit floating point cloud optimized GeoTIFFs. The filename for each DSM is formatted as "2021029FA_PINWR_DSM_5cm_UTM18N_NAVD88_date_cog.tif", where location is Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge (PINWR), DSM is Digital Surface Model, 5cm indicates the resolution of the grid, UTM18N_NAVD88 denotes the horizontal and vertical reference systems, date is the date the images were collected (in MMDD format), and cog is cloud optimized GeoTIFF.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Jin-Si R. Over
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Jin-Si R. Over
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2269 (voice)
    jover@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

May be used as a high-resolution elevation dataset of Pea Island for detecting change in the geomorphology over time.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: Feb-2022 (process 1 of 2)
    Digital Surface Model was created in Agisoft Metashape v. 1.8.1 using the following general steps (see Over and others, 2021 for a more detailed explanation of methodology): 1. Imagery (located in larger work citation) and Ground Control Points (GCPs) (located in larger work citation) were brought in using the NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 18N NAVD88 datums. 2. GCPs were manually inspected on the images and blurry images were removed. GCPs that were moved during surveys, in less than three images, or were consistently in blurry images were made into checkpoints. 3. Accuracies for the GCPs were set to 0.01 or 0.10 m depending on the quality of the images they were in. Photos from each survey were aligned in 4D at high accuracy (the pixels are not subsampled for increased processing speed) with a keypoint limit of 40,000 and unlimited tie points. 4. Alignment uses the positions and matching pixels between images to create point clouds and put the imagery into a relative spatial context. Metashape software refined and optimized the camera positions and lens model in a least squares sense to minimize the reprojection error or the distance between the measured points and the software created points. Project supported gradual selection and optimization of: Ru = 11, Pa = 6, and Re = 0.3. Individual survey GCP and product accuracies are calculated separately and reported in the Entity and Attribute Information. Note: Only half of the photos from 10-19 aligned in the 4D chunk. They were aligned a second time in a duplicated separate chunk and because of this the final products are slightly offset from the rest of the rasters in this release. The photogrammetry still produced erroneous artifacts in the beach even with the better alignment: use with caution and see entity attributes for more details. 5. A dense point cloud was generated for each survey in a separate Metashape chunk using high quality (images are not subsampled) and a low frequency filtering algorithm. The dense point cloud was then edited to remove noise by filtering by point confidence before generating an interpolated digital elevation model (the software calls all models elevation models, but technically it is a surface model because it includes vegetation/canopy returns, a terrain model would be only bare earth returns). 6. DSM was exported at 5 cm in NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 18N and NAVD88 (m). 7. DSM was clipped in ArcPro using a hand drawn shapefile created to remove zones of high error. Person who carried out this activity:
    Jin-Si R. Over
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Geographer
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2269 (voice)
    jover@usgs.gov
    Date: Mar-2022 (process 2 of 2)
    Final clipped DSMs were turned into Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs (COG) using gdal_translate with the following command: for %i in (.\*.tif) do gdal_translate %i .\cog\%~ni_cog.tif -co COMPRESS=LZW -co COPY_SRC_OVERVIEWS=YES -co BIGTIFF=YES -co TILED=YES (v. 3.1.4 accessed October 20, 2020 https://gdal.org/). Where i was the name of each geoTIFF section and there is an empty folder named cog in the directory. Person who carried out this activity:
    Jin-Si R. Over
    U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Geographer
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA
    US

    508-458-8700x2269 (voice)
    jover@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Over, Jin-Si R., Ritchie, Andrew C., Kranenburg, Christine J., Brown, Jenna A., Buscombe, Daniel D., Noble, Tommy A., Sherwood, Christopher R., Warrick, Jonathan A., and Wernette, Phillipe A., 2021, Processing coastal imagery with Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, version 1.6—Structure from motion workflow documentation: Open-File Report 2021-1039, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    This publication includes the general methodology for processing imagery in Metashape to produce DEMs and ortho products.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Ground control points (GCPs) were used to constrain the products – see associated metadata for details. Products were compared against each other and with collected GPS RTK data, available in the larger citation.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Horizontal accuracy was estimated by comparing SfM-derived GCP positions to RTK GPS measurements. Due to the time-intensive process of placing GCPs in the field, all available GCPs were used for registration and camera optimization in the SfM processing workflow during the creation of the final products. To evaluate the horizontal positional accuracy of each DSM after processing was completed, each GCP from the survey was disabled one-at-a-time using a python script to create a 'temporary check point'. With a single GCP temporarily disabled, camera optimization was performed with all lens parameters fixed, and all other GCPs enabled. The residual errors of the check point relative to its GPS-measured position were recorded. After all temporary check point iterations were complete, the horizontal root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean-absolute error (MAE) were calculated. The resulting errors are combined with the estimated horizontal GPS uncertainty (0.010 meters) in quadrature to provide a total horizontal error estimate for each DSM (see Entity and Attribute information for individual DSM error estimates). Each survey has between 0-15 GCPs associated with the survey. The DSM without GCPs is still usable data because of the 4D alignment with the other survey dates; the matched key and tie points provide a way for the DSM to be georeferenced indirectly, and on inspection the DSM aligns. It should be noted that this error estimate is for areas of bare ground or low vegetation where GCPs were placed. Additional sources of error such as poor image-to-image point matching due to vegetation or uniform substrate texture (such as sand) or objects in motion resulting in poor surface reconstruction may cause localized errors in some portions of the product to exceed the estimates.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    The vertical accuracy was estimated by comparing SfM-derived GCP positions to RTK GPS measurements. Due to the time-intensive process of placing GCPs in the field, all available GCPs were used for registration and camera optimization in the SfM processing workflow during the creation of the final products. To evaluate the vertical positional accuracy of each DSM after processing was completed, each GCP from the survey was disabled one-at-a-time using a python script to create a 'temporary check point'. With a single GCP temporarily disabled, camera optimization was performed with all lens parameters fixed, and all other GCPs enabled. The residual errors of the check point relative to its GPS-measured position were recorded. After all temporary check point iterations were complete, the vertical root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean-absolute error (MAE) were calculated. The resulting errors are combined with the estimated vertical GPS uncertainty (0.010 meters) in quadrature to provide a total horizontal error estimate for each DSM (see Entity and Attribute information for individual DSM error estimates). A second method was used to attempt to quantify the vertical errors in areas away from the GCPs. During field data collection, when vertical checkpoints on unvegetated areas were collected with an RTK GPS on the same day as a Helikite survey (available in the larger work citation), the measurements were compared to the DSM elevations at each point to derive additional accuracy estimates for the DSM and for consequent surveys. If available, the RMSE and MAE of the vertical checkpoint GPS measurements relative to the DSM elevations are recorded in the Entity and Attribute Information Section. Where vertical checkpoints are not available the reported GCP based total error does not represent the absolute vertical georeferencing accuracy of the product.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    The elevation surface was clipped in ArcPro after being exported from Metashape to remove noise near the waterline and on the edges of the product that did not reconstruct properly. The topographic surfaces have been interpolated to fill holes. GeoTIFFs are cloud optimized. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    All data fall into expected elevation ranges except for points near tall vegetation, areas of poorer image overlap, and just offshore of the waterline, where the returns are often sparse, noisy, and erroneous. The DSM includes returns from vegetation.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein. Not for navigational use.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888- 275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? This data release includes nine 5-cm resolution LZW compressed cloud optimized GeoTIFFs.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 07-Jun-2022
Metadata author:
Jin-Si R. Over
U.S. Geological Survey, Northeast Region: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Geographer
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, MA
US

508-458-8700 x2269 (voice)
whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
Contact_Instructions:
The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS.
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/SB_data_release/DR_P9DPZZG2/DUNEX_PINWR_DSM_metadata.faq.html>
Generated by mp version 2.9.51 on Mon Jun 27 09:45:04 2022