4-meter resolution bathymetric grid representing single beam data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2016-030-FA offshore Sandwich Beach, MA in June 2016 (32-bit GeoTIFF, UTM Zone 19N, NAD83-HARN)

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
4-meter resolution bathymetric grid representing single beam data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2016-030-FA offshore Sandwich Beach, MA in June 2016 (32-bit GeoTIFF, UTM Zone 19N, NAD83-HARN)
Abstract:
The objectives of the survey were to provide bathymetric and sidescan sonar data for sediment transport studies and coastal change model development for ongoing studies of nearshore coastal dynamics along Sandwich Town Neck Beach, MA. Data collection equipment used for this investigation are mounted on an unmanned surface vehicle (USV) uniquely adapted from a commercially sold gas-powered kayak and termed the "jetyak". The jetyak design is the result of a collaborative effort between USGS and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) scientists.
Supplemental_Information:
For more information about the WHCMSC Field Activity, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-030-FA.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    U.S. Geological Survey, 2018, 4-meter resolution bathymetric grid representing single beam data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2016-030-FA offshore Sandwich Beach, MA in June 2016 (32-bit GeoTIFF, UTM Zone 19N, NAD83-HARN): data release DOI:10.5066/P9TJIM2M, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Danforth, W.W., Sherwood, C.R., Martini, M.A., Borden, J., and Brosnahan, S.M., 2018, Sidescan sonar, single beam bathymetry, and navigation collected offshore of Sandwich Beach in 2016, U.S. Geological Field Activity 2016-030-FA: data release DOI:10.5066/P9TJIM2M, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Danforth, W.W. Sherwood, C.R., Martini, M.A., Borden, J., and Brosnahan, S.M., 2018, Sidescan sonar, single beam bathymetry, and navigation collected offshore of Sandwich Beach in 2016, U.S. Geological Field Activity 2016-030-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9TJIM2M.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.487569
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.470986
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.774025
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.761610
  3. What does it look like?
    https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2016-030-FA/data/bathymetry/2016-030-FA_bathymetry_browse.jpg (JPEG)
    Depth-colored image of bathymetry data collected offshore of Sandwich Beach, MA
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 06-Jun-2016
    Ending_Date: 08-Jun-2016
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition during 2016606 - 20160608
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Raster data set. It contains the following raster data types:
      • Dimensions 331 x 331 x 1, type Pixel
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 19N
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -69.000000
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
      False_Easting: 500000.000000
      False_Northing: 0.000000
      Planar coordinates are encoded using row and column
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 4
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 4
      Planar coordinates are specified in meters
      The horizontal datum used is D_North_American_1983_HARN.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: NAVD88
      Altitude_Resolution: .01
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    There are no text attributes associated with a binary GeoTIFF image. Single beam bathymetric grid values in 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF format. Data values represent elevation in meters relative to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88).
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
    U.S. Geological Survey for the meaning of pixel values. For further details regarding the GeoTIFF file structure and headers, see: https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000279.shtml#specs

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • U.S. Geological Survey
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    William W. Danforth
    U. S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    bdanforth@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

This bathymetric grid represents approximately 26 kilometers of single beam echo-sounder bathymetry data collected in 2016. These data were collected by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center during USGS field activity 2016-030-FA using a Humminbird 898c HD SI Combo GPS/Fish Finder remote sensing instrument (www.humminbird.com) that is rigidly mounted on the hull of the jetyak. These data can be used in conjunction with other geophysical and sample data to identify sea-floor morphology and sediment texture.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    Raw Bathymetric Data (source 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey, Unpublished Material, Raw bathymetric data in Humminbird .son/.dat format..

    Type_of_Source_Media: disc
    Source_Contribution:
    These data were collected using the USGS jetyak, a commercially sold gas-powered kayak built in upstate New York, running pre-planned lines perpendicular to the beach with a 20 meter line spacing. The jetyak has a roto-molded polyethylene hull and an air-cooled 7-horsepower four-stroke engine. It is propelled and steered by means of a water-drive. The boat will run for 8 to 10 hours on 3 gallons of gas at survey speeds of 2 to 6 knots. Modifications were made by USGS and WHOI scientists to make the jetyak autonomous. The two original manual controls (throttle and steering) are replaced by servos: automatic devices that use error-sensing feedback to correct performance, such as those employed in remote-control airplanes and satellite-tracking antennas. The servos are run by an onboard computer developed for aerial drones. This computer, a modified Arduino, includes Ardupilot software and a special circuit board that provides interfaces for the controls, radio, and Global Positioning System receiver (GPS). The only other modification is installation of a centrifugal clutch, which allows the engine to idle without moving the jetyak.
    Onboard the Jetyak is a hull mounted Humminbird 898c HD SI Combo GPS Fish Finder that is used for GPS navigation and location in addition to collection of sidescan sonar data at 455 kHz, and depth (bathymetric) data at 83 and 200 kHz. Files are saved in a proprietary Humminbird .SON/.DAT paired data format, contact www.humminbird.com for details. A separate navigation GPS receiver mounted onboard the Jetyak is a Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS receiver (http://www.spectraprecision.com/eng/sp80.html#.WyQWYDNKjUI). This receiver is mounted on top of a pole 1.025 meters in length which is attached to the hull of the jetyak. This receiver is called the "rover", and saves information that will later be used in conjunction with base station established on the beach to calculate kinematic solutions for both the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the rover. The sidescan sonar, navigation, and bathymetry data were processed using Chesapeake Technology 64-bit SonarWiz6 version 6.05.0025 (www.chesapeaketech.com) and ArcGIS version 10.5 (www.esri.com).
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 21-May-2018 (process 1 of 4)
    Extract trackline bathymetry values using SonarWiz6 from the raw data:
    1. Create a project (UTM-WGS84, Zone 19N, central meridian -69.0) and use all default import parameters for the Humminbird .DAT format in SonarWiz6 (use sensor heading, import 1024 samples per channel, use channels 1 and 2).
    2. Once the .DAT file is imported, select the Tools menu in SonarWiz6, and select CSF, convert CSF file to CSV. This will save all information from the sonar file to a scratch comma-separated values (CSV) text file.
    3. Using Excel (or other tabular data software), extract the date, time, altitude (depth below transducer), navigation (easting, northing of nadir line) from the CSV file created in step 2 and save these values to a new temporary scratch CSV file.
    4. The DGPS horizontal coordinates recorded by the Humminbird unit are based on the WGS84 ellipsoid (WGS84 G1762, ITRF2008). Using vdatum ( https://vdatum.noaa.gov/ ), transform the horizontal UTM Zone 19 WGS84 coordinates using the file created in step 4 to the NAD83 HARN UTM Zone 19 reference frame, and save these coordinates to a new file containing date, time, transformed trackline coordinates (easting, northing), and depth below transducer (2016-030-FA_navigation.csv).
    5. Using the UNIX utility gawk (Mac OS X ver 10.13.4, GNU gawk v4.2.1) to extract every 25th navigation entry from the CSV file created in step 5 (corresponding to every 1 sec) to a CSV file for efficient grid processing (2016-030-FA_navigation_dec25.csv).
    Command line: gawk 'BEGIN{count=0}{if(!(count % 25))print;count++}' 2016-030-FA_navigation.csv > 2016-030-FA_navigation_dec25.csv Person who carried out this activity:
    William W. Danforth
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    bdanforth@usgs.gov
    Date: 21-May-2018 (process 2 of 4)
    Bathymetric grid creation and processing using ArcGIS 10.5:
    1. Using the CSV file 2016-030-FA_navigation_dec25.csv, right click and create a feature class (shapefile) from XY table in ArcCatalog (NAD83 UTM HARN Zone 19N, X field is nadir easting, Y field is nadir northing, depth field is Depth) that represents each single beam sounding from the Humminbird instrument.
    2. Erroneous depth values in the shapefile were deleted using the editor feature of ArcMap 10.5.
    3. The edited feature class from step 1 was interpolated into a grid using the ArcCatalog version 10.5 Spatial Analyst Interpolation Kriging tool. The kriging method parameters are Method: Ordinary, Semivariogram Model: Spherical, Output cell size: 3 meters, Search Radius: Fixed, search radius 20 meters.
    4. The depth values for the bathymetric grid created in step 3 were converted from positive values to negative values using the Raster Calculator in ArcGIS ArcCatalog 10.5. The input raster was multiplied by a value of -1 and a new output raster was generated with negative depth values. Person who carried out this activity:
    William W. Danforth
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    bdanforth@usgs.gov
    Date: 21-May-2018 (process 3 of 4)
    Bathymetric grid elevation adjustment referenced to NAVD88:
    1. Using the CSV file created from the navigation containing post-processed kinematic orthometric heights, right click on the CSV file and create a feature class (shapefile) from XY table in ArcCatalog (Geographic - NAD83 HARN GRS80; X field is LonDeg, Y field is LatDeg, height field is ortho_ht_m) that represent 30 second calculated orthometric heights.
    2. Using the shapefile created in step 1 containing post-processed orthometric heights, create an interpolated grid of the orthometric heights using the ArcCatalog version 10.5 Spatial Analyst Interpolation Spline with barriers tool. The spline with barriers method parameters are Method: input point features: ortho_ht_m, output cell size: 0.00004263332, input barrier feature: Jetyak_2016_bounds, smoothing factor 0.5.
    3. Using the bathymetric grid created in the previous process step, use the Spatial Analyst Math Plus tool in ArcGIS ArcCatalog 10.5 to add the orthmetric height grid created in step 2 to the bathymetric grid to generate a new raster grid that represents the bathymetric soundings referenced to NAVD88. Person who carried out this activity:
    William W. Danforth
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    bdanforth@usgs.gov
    Date: 08-Sep-2020 (process 4 of 4)
    Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Navigation were acquired using a Hummingbird 898c HD SI Combo Global Positioning System (GPS), using the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), which is spatially accurate within 2 meters, horizontally.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    Humminbird 898c HD SI Combo GPS/Fish Finder also collects depth values below the instrument transducer. Vertical accuracy of the raw data in water depths of 10 meters or less, based on industry standard system specifications for 83 and 200 kHz transmit frequencies, is 5-10 centimeters
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    All collected survey line data were edited for erroneous soundings and incorporated into the final bathymetric grid.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    This file represents single beam echo-sounder bathymetry data collected by the Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center during USGS field activity 2016-030-FA using a Humminbird 898c HD SI Combo GPS/Fish Finder remote sensing instrument mounted on the USGS Jetyak. These data were combined with post-processed orthometric heights collected using two Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS receivers, one of which was mounted on the USGS Jetyak and the other set up on the beach as a base station.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: none
Use_Constraints:
Not to be used for navigation. Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    William W. Danforth
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, Massachusetts
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    bdanforth@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Windows 10 zip file 2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.zip containing a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF grid of bathymetric data (2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.tif), FGDC CSDGM metadata files (2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.xml, 2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.html, 2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.txt), and the browse graphic 2016-030-FA_bathymetry_browse.jpg.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data are available as a 32-bit floating point GeoTIFF image. The GeoTIFF and associated world file are stored in one folder 'bathymetry' that has been compressed using native Windows 10 compression software. To utilize these data, the user must have an image viewer, image processing, or GIS software package capable of importing a GeoTIFF image. Free spatial data viewers, ArcGIS Earth and Google Earth Pro, are capable of displaying the data. See: http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis-earth, or https://www.google.com/earth/desktop/. The zip file also contains associated metadata.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 08-Sep-2020
Metadata author:
William W. Danforth
U.S. Geological Survey
Geologist
384 Woods Hole Road
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
USA

508-548-8700 x2274 (voice)
508-457-2310 (FAX)
bdanforth@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/field_activities/2016_030_fa/2016-030-FA_bathymetry_4m.faq.html>
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