Low-altitude aerial imagery collected from a helium powered balloon-kite at Marconi Beach, Wellfleet during field activity 2021-022-FA on March 17, 2021

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Metadata:

Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Low-altitude aerial imagery collected from a helium powered balloon-kite at Marconi Beach, Wellfleet during field activity 2021-022-FA on March 17, 2021
Edition: 1.0
Series_Information:
Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI: 10.5066/P9POZ9VH
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA
Publisher:
U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9POZ9VH
Online_Linkage: Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: J. Over
Originator: C. Sherwood
Originator: P. Traykovski
Originator: E. Marsjanik
Publication_Date: 2021
Title:
Topographic and bathymetric data, sediment samples, structure from motion imagery, and reference mark data collected at Marconi Beach, Wellfleet in winter 2021, U.S Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-022-FA
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: digital files
Series_Information:
Series_Name: data release
Issue_Identification: DOI:10.5066/P9KSG1RQ
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Other_Citation_Details:
Over, J.R., Sherwood, C.R., Traykovski, P., and Marsjanik, E., 2021, Topographic and bathymetric data, sediment samples, structure from motion imagery, and reference mark data collected at Marconi Beach, Wellfleet in winter 2021, U.S Geological Survey Field Activity 2021-022-FA: U.S Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9POZ9VH
Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9POZ9VH
Description:
Abstract:
The data in this publication map the beach and nearshore environment at Marconi Beach in Wellfleet, MA and provide regional context for the 2021 CoastCam installation that looks out at the coast shared by beachgoers, shorebirds, seals, and sharks. These data were collected as part of field activity 2021-022-FA and a collaboration with the National Park Service at Cape Cod National Seashore to monitor the region that falls within the field of view of CoastCam CACO-02, which are two video cameras aimed at the beach. Starting in February and ending in March 2021, U.S Geological Survey and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) scientists conducted field surveys to collect position and orientation information for the CoastCam cameras and map the field of view. Two new reference marks were established in the Marconi Beach parking area to establish ground control for future surveys. Elevation data were collected using a real time kinematic – satellite navigation system (RTK-GNSS) receiver attached to a pole and walked on the beach. Point data of the beach face were collected along transects. Grain-size analysis was performed on sediment samples collected with a spade along multiple profiles from the bluff base to the intertidal zone. Aerial images of the beach for use in Structure-from-Motion were taken with a camera (Ricoh GRII) and a post-processed kinematic (PPK) system attached to a helium powered balloon-kite (Helikite) and high-precision GPS targets (AeroPoints) were used as ground control points. Bathymetry was collected in the nearshore using a single-beam echosounder mounted on a surf capable self-righting electric autonomous survey vehicle. Agisoft Metashape (v. 1.7.2) was used to create a digital elevation model with the collected imagery and this was merged with the bathymetry in MATLAB (v. 2020) to create a continuous topobathy product.
Purpose:
These RGB 3-band images were collected of the waterline, beach, and bluffs with sufficient overlap to be used for structure-from-motion photogrammetry to create a digital elevation (surface) model and orthomosaic image of Marconi Beach.
Supplemental_Information:
For more information about the WHCMSC Field Activity, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2021-022-FA.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Single_Date/Time:
Calendar_Date: 20210317
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition; one day of imagery collection on March 17, 2021
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Not planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.96171821
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -69.96491413
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.89713239
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.89119297
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Metadata Identifier
Theme_Keyword: USGS:a6c41534-9652-4aaa-81e8-971e21bfea13
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program
Theme_Keyword: CMHRP
Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC
Theme_Keyword: shoreline
Theme_Keyword: 3-band imagery
Theme_Keyword: shoreline photographs
Theme_Keyword: photographs
Theme_Keyword: JPEG
Theme_Keyword: low-altitude aerial imagery
Theme_Keyword: aerial imagery
Theme_Keyword: UAS
Theme_Keyword: Unmanned aerial system
Theme_Keyword: geotagged photos
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) keywords
Theme_Keyword: aerial and satellite photography
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: USGS Thesaurus
Theme_Keyword: remote sensing
Theme_Keyword: aerial photography
Theme_Keyword: image collections
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation
Theme_Keyword: oceans
Theme_Keyword: location
Theme_Keyword: elevation
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Common geographic areas
Place_Keyword: United States
Place_Keyword: Wellfleet
Place_Keyword: Massachusetts
Place_Keyword: Cape Cod
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. The USGS or the U.S. Government shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data described and/or contained herein.Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Jin-Si Over
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: U.S. Geological Survey
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2269
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jover@usgs.gov
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Example still image of Marconi Beach, Wellfleet MA
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
Photograph showing how the camera, GNSS, and antenna configuration attaches to the Helikite.
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Data_Quality_Information:
Attribute_Accuracy:
Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
The camera (Ricoh GRII HD) used on the kite acquires 16.2 megapixel photos, with file sizes generally between 4 and 6 MB on disc, depending on image complexity. The GPS used on the kite has theoretical vertical and horizontal accuracies of 5 meters.
Logical_Consistency_Report:
One flight was flown at a target elevation of 40-50 m to map the Marconi Beach shoreline and bluff face in Wellfleet, MA, on March 17, 2021.
Completeness_Report:
Photographs were captured every 5 seconds for a total of 870 images, but only 811 are provided; images taken while the Helikite was launched and recovered were removed. Photos that do not align in the structure-from-motion process were not removed. All photos included have location information. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Though the images do not represent spatial data, the spatial information is embedded in the photo and available in the EXIF header of each image, which is derived from the provided Helikite navigation file (2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv) in the larger work citation. The location information was acquired from a GNSS receiver (EMLID Reach M2) in PPK mode with a Multi-band GNSS antenna and hot shoe adapter with an estimated horizontal accuracy of 1 cm.
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
Though the images do not represent spatial data, the spatial information is available in the EXIF header of each image, which is derived from the provided Helikite navigation file (2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv) in the larger work citation. The location information was acquired from a GNSS receiver (EMLID Reach M2) in PPK mode with a multi-band GNSS antenna and hot shoe adapter with an estimated vertical accuracy of 2 cm.
Lineage:
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
These JPEG images were collected with a camera (Ricoh GRII HD) labeled 'r##', where 'r' indicates a Ricoh camera, and the following 2 digits normally indicate the camera ID. The camera was wired to the GNSS receiver and duct taped together, then hung from the Helikite (2021022FA_Marconi_HelikiteCameraAttachment_browse.JPG) so that the camera faces downward. The Helikite was on a 50meter string and kitesurfing harness; together the Helikite and gear was walked down the beach. Horizontal positions and elevations of each image (2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv) were recorded from an GNSS receiver (EMLID Reach M2), which were processed in PPK mode using the MASS CORS network. The navigation data is added to the image EXIF information after the flight as described in the process steps. It is recommended when using the imagery for photogrammetric purposes to also use the Aeropoint locations (see larger work citation Navigation: 2021022FA_Marconi_nav_AeroPoints.csv) as ground control points.
Process_Date: 20210317
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Peter Traykovski
Contact_Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Contact_Position: Associate Scientist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 226 Woods Hole Rd, MS #12
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-289-2638
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ptraykovski@whoi.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The GNSS navigation data was processed in Inertial Explorer (https://novatel.com/products/waypoint-software/inertial-explorer, version 8.70.8722). In the software, the data were processed using an 'Antenna Height' of 0.0 m to indicate that there was no offset from the GPS to the camera. The positions were processed in the NAD83(2011) datum, providing the Latitude, Longitude, and H_Ell_m attributes and then Geoid 12B was applied using NAVD88 as the vertical datum and UTM Zone 19N for the horizontal coordinate reference system to produce the Northing, Easting, and H_Ortho_m attributes. All of the attributes here are provided in the 2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv but only the latitude, longitude, and H_Ortho_m (NAVD88) are embedded in the image header.
Process_Date: 202103
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Peter Traykovski
Contact_Organization: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Contact_Position: Associate Scientist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 226 Woods Hole Rd, MS #12
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-289-2638
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: ptraykovski@whoi.edu
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
The images acquired with the camera were geotagged and processed to add additional information required by the USGS to the EXIF headers using ExifTools (https://exiftool.org/, version: 12.06) and the files were renamed to a unique identifier using Namexif (http://www.digicamsoft.com/softnamexif.html, version 2.1) to avoid any possibility of duplicate names. These steps are described here. 1. Using the GNSS navigation from the previous step, ExifTools was used to geotag each photo with the GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSLatitude, GPSLongitude, and GPSAltitude stored in a csv file with the command: -geotag "C:\directory\name\Geotags.csv" -geosync=+23 C:\directory\name\of\photos Where the -geosync command tells the exiftools that the GPS and photo time are offset by 23 seconds. The TimeStamp is in UTC, the latitude and longitude geotags are in NAD83(2011) and the altitude geotag is the H_Ortho_m in NAVD88 (m). The first row of the CSV are the headers; the first column is SourceName (unique image names), and the rest of the columns are the geotags listed in Step 1. Keywords were added with the following command in the directory with all the photographs: exiftool -sep ", " -iptc:keywords="Marconi Beach, Massachusetts, 2021-022-FA, Ricoh, USGS, aerial imagery" *.JPG 2. Additional EXIF information was added in the directory with all the photos with the command: exiftool -csv=directory\name\EXIF_tags.csv *.JPG Where the CSV file has the following headings (the first column is the SourceFile with the unique photo names) and information (anything in () is format based and is only provided to give more context) -Credit="U.S. Geological Survey " -Contact="WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov " -Copyright="Public Domain " -ImageDescription=" https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data/field-activity-data/2021-022-FA/ ; Low-altitude aerial photograph of Marconi beach, Wellfleet, Massachusetts from USGS Field Activity 2021-022-FA " - XMP:UsageTerms= "Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty "‚ -Attribution="https://doi.org/10.5066/P9KSG1RQ " -GPSAreaInformation="position post-processed from nearby GPS " -GPSMapDatum="ESPG: 6317 (NAD83[2011]), altitude in NAVD88 Geoid12B" -GPSDateStamp="2021:03:17 " -GPSTimeStamp="(HH:MM:SS UTC) " -GPSLatitude="(in decimal degrees) " -GPSLatitudeRef="N " -GPSLongitude="(in decimal degrees)" -GPSLongitudeRef="W " -GPSAltitude=‚" (in NAVD88 m)‚ "-Artist="Peter Traykovski (WHOI)" -OriginalFilename="M#######.JPG (where # combinations are unique) " *.JPG To read out the photo information to a csv the command is: exiftool -csv -f -filename -GPSDateStamp -GPSTimeStamp -GPSLongitude -GPSLatitude -n -Artist -Contact -Comment -Credit -Copyright -ImageDescription -OriginalFileName -AttributionURL -Event -GPSAreaInformation -GPSMapDatum *.JPG > directory/name/out.csv Fewer tags or additional tags may be taken out with this command from those written above.
3. All the JPEG images were renamed with Namexif to ensure unique filenames and compliance with the USGS Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program's best practices for image naming convention. Images were renamed with a field survey ID prefix; a flight number and ID that distinguishes among USGS cameras by make, model, and camera number; the image acquisition date and coordinated universal time (UTC) in ISO8601 format, and a suffix with the original image name. For example, image name '2021022FA_f01r02_20200306T165822Z_M1040356.JPG', 2021022FA is the survey ID, f01 is the flight number, r02 is the internal camera ID, 20200306 is the UTC date in the format YYYYMMDD. A 'T' is used to separate UTC date from UTC time in format HHMMSS followed by a Z, and M1040356.JPG is the original raw photo name appended to the end of the new filename. Because GPS data was collected in UTC and had a 23 second offset from the time produced by the camera (EST), the time in Namexif was shifted +4:00:23.
Process_Date: 20210512
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Jin-Si Over
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geographer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: U.S. Geological Survey
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2269
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jover@usgs.gov
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Indirect_Spatial_Reference: embedded in EXIF
Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Geographic:
Latitude_Resolution: 0.00000001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.00000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name:
North American Datum of 1983 (National Spatial Reference System 2011)
Ellipsoid_Name: GRS_1980
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.0
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257222101
Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Altitude_System_Definition:
Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
Altitude_Encoding_Method:
Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label:
2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv contains 811 data records.
Entity_Type_Definition:
The CSV file contains the post-processed Helikite navigation GNSS data (approximate position of the camera at the moment of each image capture).
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: ImageName
Attribute_Definition:
File names of individual images, see the Data_Quality_Information and Process_Description for file naming convention.
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Character string.
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: UTC_Time
Attribute_Definition:
Time in HH:MM:SS of each corrected camera position in coordinated universal time (UTC).
Attribute_Definition_Source: Processor defined
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 14:12:26
Range_Domain_Maximum: 15:19:56
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Latitude
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed interpolated latitude of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image capture, in decimal degrees (NAD83[2011]).
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 41.89119297
Range_Domain_Maximum: 41.89713239
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Longtitude
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed interpolated longitude of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image capture, in decimal degrees (NAD83(2011)).
Attribute_Definition_Source: None
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -69.96491413
Range_Domain_Maximum: -69.96171821
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: decimal degrees
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: H_Ell_m
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed height in meters of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image capture based on the NAD83(2011) reference ellipsoid.
Attribute_Definition_Source: None
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: -5.8469
Range_Domain_Maximum: 48.0898
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Northing
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed interpolated X-coordinate of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image capture, in NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N.
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 4638143.113
Range_Domain_Maximum: 4638804.035
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Easting
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed interpolated Y-coordinate of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image capture, in NAD83(2011)/UTM Zone 19N.
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 419959.003
Range_Domain_Maximum: 420218.101
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: H_Ortho_m
Attribute_Definition:
Post-processed interpolated Z-coordinate of kite GNSS antenna position based on time of each image using NAVD88 correction with Geoid 18.
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 21.946
Range_Domain_Maximum: 75.882
Attribute_Units_of_Measure: meters
Overview_Description:
Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
The attributes Latitude, Longitude, H_Ortho_m, and UTC_Time are included in the image headers as GPSLatitude, GPSLongitude, GPSAltitude, and GPSTimeStamp, respectively. A GPSMapDatum header is also included in the images that specifies the latitude and longitude are in NAD83(2011) and altitude in NAVD88 Geoid18.
Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: USGS Field Activity 2021-022-FA
Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Jin-Si Over
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: geographer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: U.S. Geological Survey
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2269
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jover@usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
The Windows 10 zip file 2021022FA_Marconi_f1.zip contains 811 JPEG images and 2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv contains the PPK GNSS navigation data.
Distribution_Liability:
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: JPEG
Format_Version_Number: 1.0.0
Format_Specification: JPEG
Format_Information_Content: The 2021022FA_Marconi_f1.zip file contains 811 JPEGs.
File_Decompression_Technique: Use WinZip, 7zip, Peazip or pkUnzip
Transfer_Size: 1590
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information: Access_Instructions:
The first link in the list above is to directly download the data, the second to the field data page, and the third link is to the publication landing page.
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: CSV
Format_Version_Number: Exported from Excel Office 365 16.01
Format_Information_Content:
The 2021022FA_Marconi_f1_photolocations.csv contains location data for the imagery.
Transfer_Size: 1
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information: Access_Instructions:
The first link in the list above is to directly download the data, the second to the field data page, and the third link is to the publication landing page.
Fees: none
Technical_Prerequisites:
Use of these files requires software capable of opening JPEG images and, if desired, capable or reading the associated EXIF information. Additionally, the location information is provided in a CSV file for the user to utilize with appropriate software.
Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20211014
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Jin-Si Over
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: geographer
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical
Address: U.S. Geological Survey
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2269
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jover@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
Metadata_Access_Constraints: None
Metadata_Use_Constraints: None

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