Hydrodynamic and sediment transport tsunami models at the Salmon River estuary, Oregon

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Hydrodynamic and sediment transport tsunami models at the Salmon River estuary, Oregon
Abstract:
This portion of the USGS data release describes the Delft3D-FLOW model application for propagating simulated tsunamis from 15 hypothetical earthquake sources of the Cascadia Subduction Zone through a series of nested grids to modeling tsunami sediment transport in the Salmon River estuary, OR. Input files necessary to run the Delft3D-FLOW model are provided. The model application was constructed using Delft3D-FLOW. Zip files containing model setup data are provided for each of the nested hydrodynamic grids at 1650 m, 400 m, and 50 m horizontal resolution. The fully three-dimensional sediment transport model at about 10 m resolution contains boundary condition files from the nested hydrodynamic grids for each of the earthquake scenarios, as well as bathymetry files reflecting different amounts of coseismic subsidence associated with the earthquake scenarios and adjusted to either Mean Low Water (MLW) hindcast for the 1700 CE earthquake or Mean Higher High Water (MHHW). Each zip file contains an example model run for the DOGAMI L3 earthquake source on each respective grid. These examples can be used as templates to run the other earthquake scenarios that are provided.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activities from which these data were derived is available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2017-643-FA https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2018-625-FA
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    SeanPaul M. La Selle, Nelson, Alan R., Witter, Robert C., Gelfenbaum, Guy, Padgett, Jason S., and Jaffe, Bruce E., 20240417, Hydrodynamic and sediment transport tsunami models at the Salmon River estuary, Oregon: data release DOI:10.5066/P9M86S7D, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    SeanPaul M. La Selle, Nelson, Alan R., Witter, Robert C., Padgett, Jason S., Jaffe, Bruce E., and Gelfenbaum, Guy, 2024, Tsunami deposit data and sediment transport models from the Salmon River estuary, central Oregon: data release DOI:10.5066/P9M86S7D, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested Citation: La Selle, S.M., Nelson, A.R., Witter, R.C., Padgett, J.S., Jaffe, B.E., Gelfenbaum, G., 2024, Tsunami deposit data and sediment transport models from the Salmon River, central Oregon coast: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M86S7D.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -126.59421
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.32407
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 46.95693
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.49609
  3. What does it look like?
    salmonriver_delft3d_grids_preview.png (PNG)
    a)Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic nested grids, with an example of deformation from a hypothetical Cascadia megathrust earthquake scenario. b) The 10 m sediment transport grid
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 17-Jul-2017
    Ending_Date: 15-Dec-2023
    Currentness_Reference:
    ground condition at time data were collected
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      Indirect_Spatial_Reference:
      Horizontal coordinates are in the UTM Zone 10 N coordinate system for Delft3D-FLOW model grid files (.grd). The model depth (.dep) files use different vertical datums. The outer nested grids (1650, 400, and 50 meters)are relative to Mean Sea Level (MSL). The 10 m grid is adjusted to MHHW (2.54 m above NAVD88) or the hindcast tide for 21:00 local time 26th January, 1700 CE (0.53 m above NAVD88). The depth files are also adjusted to the predicted coseismic subsidence at the Salmon River estuary from each of the earthquake sources, as indicated by the depth file names.
      This is a Raster data set. It contains the following raster data types:
      • Dimensions 750 x 270 x 10, type Grid Cell
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:
      UTM_Zone_Number: 10
      Transverse_Mercator:
      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.0
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
      False_Easting: 500000.0
      False_Northing: 0.0
      Planar coordinates are encoded using row and column
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 78
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 38
      Planar coordinates are specified in Meter
      The horizontal datum used is D_North_American_1983.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS_1980.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      Vertical_Coordinate_System_Definition:
      Altitude_System_Definition:
      Altitude_Datum_Name: North American Vertical Datum of 1988
      Altitude_Resolution: 0.001
      Altitude_Distance_Units: meters
      Altitude_Encoding_Method:
      Explicit elevation coordinate included with horizontal coordinates
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    Compressed .zip archives contain files of various types and formats
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation:
    The entity and attribute information were generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information.

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • SeanPaul M. La Selle
    • Alan R. Nelson
    • Robert C. Witter
    • Guy Gelfenbaum
    • Jason S. Padgett
    • Bruce E. Jaffe
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    USA

    831-427-474 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Numerical models of tsunami propagation from simulated Cascadia subduction zone earthquake rupture models were used to derive boundary conditions for a coupled hydrodynamic and sediment transport model of the Salmon River estuary, Oregon. Modeled tsunami erosion and deposition at the Salmon River estuary can be compared to the observed distribution of sandy tsunami deposits from the circa 1700 CE tsunami to test earthquake source models.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 05-Jan-2018 (process 1 of 5)
    Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic model nested grids and bathymetry were constructed to propagate simulated tsunamis from the region offshore the Oregon coast to the Salmon River estuary. Four grids in total at 1650 m, 400 m, 50 m, and ~10 m grid-cell resolution, respectively, were created. Bathymetric data from two NOAA NCEI products (Amante and Eakins, 2009; Carignan and others , 2009) were converted from spherical to cartesian coordinates (WGS 84/UTM Zone 10 N [EPSG:32610]) and interpolated onto the grids using the grid-cell averaging function in Delft3D-QUICKIN software.
    Date: 11-Jan-2018 (process 2 of 5)
    Static sea surface deformation predicted by the earthquake source models from Witter and others (2013) and Gao and others (2018) were interpolated onto each nested grid using the grid-cell averaging function in the Delft3D-QUICKIN software and used as initial water level conditions in each Delft3D-FLOW model. The boundary condition on the outermost, 1650 m resolution grid is a uniform Riemann-boundary that is weakly reflective to absorb outgoing waves. Boundary conditions along the edges of the 400 m, 50 m, and ~10 m grids were derived from the hydrodynamic results observed in each respective outer nested grid. These hydrodynamic observations were prescribed as Riemann-boundary conditions at six second intervals and generated usingDelft3D nesting functions. The “flood” advection scheme was turned on for all model runs.
    Date: 11-Jan-2018 (process 3 of 5)
    A variable resolution, three-dimensional final nested grid at the Salmon River estuary was used to simulate potential sediment transport resulting from tsunami propagation. Grid cell size is, on average, 10 m, with m and n dimensions ranging from 3 meters to 61 meters. Vertical stratification is represented by 10 vertical “sigma” layers, with increasing resolution towards the bed. Bathymetry and topography in Delft3D depth files were adjusted to account for the coastal subsidence predicted by each earthquake source at the Salmon River. A table relating subsidence to each of the earthquake sources can be found in La Selle and others (2024) or the supplemental file in this section of the data release. For each earthquake source scenario, depth files were also adjusted to represent tsunami arrival at MHHW (2.54 m above NAVD88 at the South Beach, OR tide gauge) or the hindcast low tide at 21:00 Pacific Time on January 26th, 1700 CE, 0.53 m above NAVD88 (Mofjeld and others, 1997). Depth file names reflect the tidal adjustment (either “1700tide” or “MHHW”) and the subsidence adjustment in meters. Time zero in the model runs represents the time of earthquake rupture. We use an arbitrary date and time in DELFT3D-FLOW as time zero (2000-01-01 00:00:00). The 1650 m, 400 m, and 50 m grids are run with a timestep of 0.01 minutes (0.6 seconds), for 180 minutes. The 10 m sediment transport grid was run with a timestep of 0.005 minutes (0.3 seconds), for 60 minutes. The sediment transport models were run for 60 minutes because deposit thicknesses did not change appreciably within the estuary after 60 minutes (La Selle and others, 2024).
    Date: 11-Jan-2018 (process 4 of 5)
    Maps of erodible sand sources and variable surface roughness in the detailed models were generated by classifying 1-m resolution ortho images of the Salmon River estuary taken in July, 2014 by the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP). Imagery was auto-classified into water, unvegetated sand, marsh vegetation, and forest using the Spatial Analyst Image Classification tool in ArcGIS desktop 10.6. Roughness values were based on suggestions from Bricker and others (2015). The beach, river channels, and offshore areas were assigned a Manning's n roughness coefficient of 0.025 and an erodible bed thickness of 10 m. Vegetated areas of dunes were assigned a Manning's n coefficient of 0.030 and an erodible bed thickness of 10 m. The marsh surface and forest was assigned 0.040 and the bed was modeled as an unerodible surface. The van Rijn (2007) formulations were selected to represent suspended and bedload transport in Delft3D-FLOW.
    Date: 15-Dec-2023 (process 5 of 5)
    Files need to run Delft3D-FLOW models were compiled into compressed archives for distribution.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    SeanPaul M. La Selle, Nelson, Alan R., Witter, Robert C., Gelfenbaum, Guy, Padgett, Jason S., and Jaffe, Bruce E., 2024, Testing megathrust rupture models using tsunami deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    La Selle, S.M., Nelson, A.R., Witter, R.C., Gelfenbaum, G., Padgett, J.S., and Jaffe, B.E., 2024, Testing megathrust rupture models using tsunami deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023JF007444.
    Amante, C., and Eakins, B.W., 2009, ETOPO1 1 Arc-Minute Global Relief Model: Procedures, Data Sources, and Analysis.: NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA.

    Online Links:

    Bricker, J., Gibson, S., Takagi, H., and Imamura, F., 2015, On the need for larger Manning’s roughness coefficients in depth-integrated tsunami inundation models.: Coastal Engineering Journal, v. 57, i. 02, Elsevier, North Andover, MA, USA.

    Online Links:

    Carignan, K.S., Taylor, L.A., Eakins, B.W., Warnken, R.R., Lim, E., and Grothe, P.R., 2009, Digital Elevation Model of Central Oregon Coast: Procedures, Data Sources, and Analysis.: NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-25, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA.

    Online Links:

    Deltares, 2023, Delft3D-FLOW User Manual (version 4.05): Deltares, Delft, Netherlands.

    Online Links:

    Gao, Dawei, Wang, Kelin, Insua, Tania L., Sypus, Matthew, Riedel, Michael, and Sun, Tianhaozhe, 2018, Defining megathrust tsunami source scenarios for northernmost Cascadia: Natural Hazards, v. 94, p. 445-469, Springer Nature, Berlin, Germany.

    Online Links:

    Mofjeld, H., Foreman, M., and Ruffman, A., 1997, West Coast tides during Cascadia subduction zone tsunamis: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 24, i. 17, p. 2215-2218, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC, USA.

    Online Links:

    van Rijn, L.C., 2007, Unified view of sediment transport by currents and waves. ii: Suspended transport: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 133, i. 6, p. 668-689, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA.

    Online Links:

    Witter, Robert C., Zhang, Yinglong J., Wang, Kelin, Priest, George R., Goldfinger, Chris, Stimely, Laura, English, John T., and Ferro, Paul A., 2013, Simulated tsunami inundation for a range of Cascadia megathrust earthquake scenarios at Bandon, Oregon, USA: Geosphere, v. 9, i. 6, p. 1783-1803, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, USA.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has either not been conducted or is not applicable.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has either not been conducted or is not applicable.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the metadata for each part of this data release carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints none
Use_Constraints USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - Coastal and Marine Geoscience Datasystem
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    USA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Model input files compatible with windows executable of Delft3D-FLOW 4.04.01 (flow version 6.03.00.62434) (Deltares, 2023) are provided in the zip archives “salmonriver_delft3d_1650m.zip”, “salmonriver_delft3d_400m.zip”, “salmonriver_delft3d_50m.zip”, and “salmonriver_delft3d_10m.zip”. Model files for each nested grid are provided with a subfolder containing intial water level (.ini) files representing each earthquake source. For each grid, an example model run representing the "L3" earthquake source is provided in a subfolder. Files for the sediment transport model in the "salmonriver_delft3d_10m.zip" file contains two subfolders. The file directory, “bct_files”, contains boundary conditions files for each earthquake source. The file directory, “dep_files”, contains depth files adjusted to both the hindcast low tide and MHHW as well as the predicted subsidence for all the simulated earthquake sources.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
    • Availability in digital form:
      Data format: zipped file folders containing model input files for Delft-3D FLOW 4.04.01 in format various (version Delft3D-FLOW 4.04.01) Size: 21332.1
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9M86S7D
    • Cost to order the data: None

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 17-Apr-2024
Metadata author:
PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/CMGDS_DR_tool/DR_P9M86S7D/salmonriver_delft3d_metadata.faq.html>
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