X-ray diffraction data for hydrothermal manganese oxide rocks from the Samoa hotspot region in the South Pacific Ocean collected during research expedition KM0506

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   Shapiro, Isabelle M., Mizell, Kira, Hein, James, and Gartman, Amy, 20260122, X-ray diffraction data for hydrothermal manganese oxide rocks from the Samoa hotspot region in the South Pacific Ocean collected during research expedition KM0506: data release doi:10.5066/P13VZZEY, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P13VZZEY

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Shapiro, Isabelle M., Mizell, Kira, Hein, James R., and Gartman, Amy, 2026, Geochemistry and x-ray diffraction data for hydrothermal manganese oxide rocks from the Samoa hotspot region in the South Pacific Ocean collected during research expedition KM0506: data release DOI:10.5066/P13VZZEY, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/P13VZZEY

   Other_Citation_Details:

   Suggested Citation: Shapiro, I.M., Mizell, K., Hein, J.R., and Gartman, A., 2026, Geochemistry and x-ray diffraction data for hydrothermal manganese oxide rocks from the Samoa hotspot region in the South Pacific Ocean collected during research expedition KM0506: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P13VZZEY.

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -170.24
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -169.434
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: -13.768
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: -14.392
   

3. What does it look like?
4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Beginning_Date: 04-Apr-2005

   Ending_Date: 03-Apr-2025

   Currentness_Reference:

   Date that the samples were collected through last process step was completed

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
   

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (3350)
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   KM0506_hydorthemal_Mn_XRD_data.csv

   Comma-delimited file containing results from x-ray diffraction analyses of hydrothermal manganese oxide rocks. Location information for the samples are included in each Attribute Definition of this metadata file. The header for each column of diffraction data is a sample name, which follows the scheme of dredge number, followed by a dash, followed by the rock number and subsample letter. (Source: Producer defined)

   Pos_2theta

   The two-theta angle at which the x-ray diffractometer measured the X-ray diffraction of the powdered sample (Source: instrument defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	4.01
   Maximum:	70.99
   Units:	degrees
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-24A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-24A is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer interval is 0-4 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	64
   Maximum:	1197.16
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-24B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-24B is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer interval is 4-5 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	86.49
   Maximum:	1797.76
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-24C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-24C is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer interval is 5-9 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	68.89
   Maximum:	1608.01
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-24D

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-24D is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer interval is 9-14 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	94.09
   Maximum:	1892.25
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-25A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-25A is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-22 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	62.41
   Maximum:	2070.25
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-25B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-25B is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 3-11 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	88.36
   Maximum:	6288.49
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   107-25C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 107-25C is 14.201 S, 169.434 W, and 2489 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 1-3 mm and 3-11 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	70.56
   Maximum:	2034.01
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-12A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-12A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-20 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	54.76
   Maximum:	1211.04
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-12B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-12B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 20-40 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	79.21
   Maximum:	1789.29
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-12C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-12C is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 40-48 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	57.76
   Maximum:	1814.76
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-12D

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-12D is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 40-48 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	39.69
   Maximum:	1608.01
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-13A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-13A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. This is a scrape sample, which was collected by scraping manganese coating from various sections of the rock. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	59.29
   Maximum:	1849.00
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-13B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-13B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. This is a scrape sample, which was collected by scraping manganese coating from various sections of the rock. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	65.61
   Maximum:	1451.61
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-14A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-14A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-2 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	70.56
   Maximum:	1722.25
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-14B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-14B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 2-10 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	88.36
   Maximum:	2070.25
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-14C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-14C is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 10-45 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	62.41
   Maximum:	1640.25
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-15A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-15A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-3 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	53.29
   Maximum:	1840.41
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-15B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-15B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 3-43 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	43.56
   Maximum:	1451.61
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-15C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-15C is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 43-70 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	54.76
   Maximum:	1513.21
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-16A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-16A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-1 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	59.29
   Maximum:	1849.00
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-16B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-16B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 1-20 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	30.25
   Maximum:	1444.00
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-16C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-16C is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 20-35 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	62.41
   Maximum:	2034.01
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-17A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-17A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-1 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	77.44
   Maximum:	2025.00
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-17B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-17B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 1-20 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	62.41
   Maximum:	1656.49
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-17C

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-17C is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 20-55 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	54.76
   Maximum:	1149.21
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-17D

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-17D is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 55-75 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	59.29
   Maximum:	1918.44
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-18A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-18A is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 0-25 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	43.56
   Maximum:	1747.24
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   109-18B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 109-18B is 14.392 S, 170.017 W, and 2695 m water depth. The layer depth interval is 25-55 mm. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	40.96
   Maximum:	1747.24
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   110-35A

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 110-35A is 13.768 S, 170.24 W, and 1588 m water depth. This is a vein sample, which is a subsample of material within a rock sample. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	70.56
   Maximum:	1789.29
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   110-35B

   X-ray diffraction intensity value at the two-theta angle listed in the corresponding row in the Position attribute. The location for sample 110-35B is 13.768 S, 170.24 W, and 1588 m water depth. This is a sample of a green altered rock. (Source: producer defined)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	44.89
   Maximum:	1705.69
   Units:	counts
   Resolution:	0.01

   Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
   Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey
   

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • Isabelle M. Shapiro
   • Kira Mizell
   • James Hein
   • Amy Gartman
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

   2885 Mission Street

   Santa Cruz, CA
   

   831-427-4747 (voice)

   pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: 05-Apr-2005 (process 1 of 4)

   Rock samples were collected via dredge on R/V Kilo Moana from Samoa hotspot region and shipped to USGS scientists by mail after returning to shore.

   Date: 01-Feb-2006 (process 2 of 4)

   At the USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Marine Minerals Lab, bulk portions, individual layers, or other parts of rock samples were subsampled using a ceramic knife and then ground using an agate mortar and pestle to approximately 75 micrometer fineness.

   Date: 15-Feb-2006 (process 3 of 4)

   Powdered samples were backloaded and tamped into sample holders and run in a Panalytical X Pert3 x-ray diffractometer (XRD; https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/) with CuK-alpha radiation and graphite monochromator. Measurements were taken with a step size of 0.02 degrees two-theta between 5 degrees and 70 degrees two-theta and power of 40 kilovolts and 45 milliamps.

   Date: 03-Apr-2025 (process 4 of 4)

   Results from the diffraction analyses were combined into a comma-delimited text values document (KM0506_hydorthemal_Mn_XRD_data.csv).

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   X-ray diffraction data were tested for accuracy by intermittently analyzing a powdered quartz reference sample to verify the one hundred intensity peak at 26.6 degree two-theta. When the quartz peak was in the proper position, we infer that other measured peak positions in the sample are accurate. Peak intensities are considered semiquantitative since no quantitative standards were analyzed for this dataset.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. The horizontal accuracy was determined with the ship's GPS navigation, which is accurate to less than 5 m.
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   The singular value for water depth for each sample was calculated from shipboard dredge log records to account for ship-based depth soundings, the length of dredge wire out, movement by the ship, approximate seamount slope, and multiple bites of the dredge along each dredge track in order to maximize location accuracy. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has not been conducted.
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

   2885 Mission Street

   Santa Cruz, CA
   

   831-427-4747 (voice)

   pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in .csv format contained in a single file.
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
   Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	File contains table in .csv format in format comma-delimited text (version Microsoft Excel 16.16.17 for Mac) Size: 0.6979
     Network links:	https://doi.org/10.5066/P13VZZEY

   • Cost to order the data: None.

5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
   These data can be viewed with Microsoft Excel or any text reader.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 22-Jan-2026

Metadata author:

U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center

Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator

2885 Mission Street

Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)

pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Metadata standard:

Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)