Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui

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Frequently anticipated questions:


What does this data set describe?

Title:
Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui
Abstract:
This shapefile contains habitat polygons identifying the dominant and major geomorphological structure, biological type and percent cover, and geologic zone for 11 square kilometers of Olowalu reef off west-central Maui at a minimum mapping unit of 100 square meters. Habitats were mapped with heads-up digitization using the NOAA Habitat Digitizer Extension in ArcMap (Esri, v.10.8.2). Seafloor characteristics were based on visual interpretation of 3-band (red, green, blue) 0.5m satellite orthoimagery, 1-m-resolution acoustic backscatter imagery, lidar-derived digital bathymetric models (DBM) at 1-, 4-, and 8-m resolutions, and various surface morphometric layers derived from the three DBMs (relative position, aspect, rugosity, slope). Ground reference (n=870) and accuracy assessment (n=216) images of the seafloor were extracted from live video taken by a vessel-towed camera sled surveying shore-normal transects in waters 10-40 m depth. These data accompany the following report: Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Stone, C., Silva, I., Martinez, T., Peralto, C., Levine, A., Stow, D., and Maloney, J., 2025, Benthic habitat map of Olowalu Reef, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025–1010, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr/20251010.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the USGS field activities from which these data were derived are available online at:
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=A0211MU https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=A0113HW
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Although this Federal Geographic Data Committee-compliant metadata file is intended to document the data set in nonproprietary form, as well as in Esri format, this metadata file may include some Esri-specific terminology.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Heberer, Liana N., Alkins, Kristen A., Storlazzi, Curt D., Cochran, Susan A., Gibbs, Ann E., Sparks, Russell, Silva, Itana, Stone, Kristy, Martinez, Tatiana, and Peralto, Cole, 20250410, Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui: data release DOI:10.5066/P9ICJ7CF, U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested Citation: Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.A., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Silva, I., Stone, K., Martinez, T., and Peralto, C., 2025, Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ICJ7CF.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.634297
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.560569
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.822643
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.773125
  3. What does it look like?
    Olowalu_bhabs.jpg (JPEG)
    Image showing benthic habitat types offshore Olowalu, Maui, Hawai’i
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 2011
    Ending_Date: 2023
    Currentness_Reference:
    Seafloor reference imagery collected in 2011, mapping completed in 2023
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • G-Polygon (683)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      The horizontal datum used is NAD_1983_PA11.
      The ellipsoid used is GRS_1980.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    USGS_Olowalu_Benthic_Habitat_2023
    The benthic habitat of Olowalu reef is categorized by major geomorphological structure, dominant geomorphological structure, major biological cover, percent of major biological cover, and reef zonation. (Source: Producer defined.)
    UNIQUEID
    A four-digit code that represents the combination of the individual habitat components where the first digit represents the major structure (M_STRUCT); the second digit represents the dominant structure (D_STRUCT); the third digit represents the major biologic cover (M_COVER); and the fourth digit represents the percent of biologic cover (P_COVER). Each of these attributes has a text value that is also represented by a numeric value, so that the UNIQUEID is a compilation of the numerical values. See accompanying Open-File Report for complete details. (Source: USGS Classification Scheme) Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS (National Ocean Service) benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories
    M_STRUCT
    Major structure or underlying substrate within the defined polygon. This is represented by the numeric code found in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID. Not all of the following Major structure components exist within this particular dataset. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories.)
    ValueDefinition
    Reef and hardbottomThis is represented by 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID.
    Unconsolidated sedimentThis is represented by 1 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID.
    UnknownThis is represented by 9 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID.
    D_STRUCT
    Dominant structure within the defined polygon. This is represented by the numeric code found in the 2nd number position of the UNIQUEID. There is a relationship between the Dominant structure and the Major structure. The text value of Unknown is the only text value that can be found in more than one Major structure. In each instance, Unknown is also assigned a numeric value of zero as represented in the UNIQUEID. The remaining text values are unique and only associated with a single Major structure, however the numeric representation of the text value is duplicated. The numeric values of 1 and 2 are represented in the following Major structure classifications: Unconsolidated sediment (represented by a 1 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID); Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID); and Other (represented by a 3 in the 1st number position of the UNIQUEID). Not all of the following Dominant structure components exist within this particular dataset. (Source: Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories.)
    ValueDefinition
    Aggregate reefFormations with high relief and complexity, which form an extensive reef structure without sand channels (as found in spur-and-groove). Note that aggregate reef refers to the underlying hard structure and implies nothing about the nature of the biological cover, nor whether it is live or dead. This is represented by 1 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    Aggregated patch reefClustered coral formations, smaller than the MMU (100 m2 in this study) or too close together to be mapped separately, that are isolated from other coral reef formations by sand, seagrass, or other habitats and that have no organized structural axis relative to the contours of the shore or shelf edge. This is represented by 4 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    Individual patch reefCoral formations, larger than or equal to the minimum mapping unit (MMU) (100 m2 in this study), that are isolated from other coral reef formations by sand, seagrass, or other habitats and that have no organized structural axis relative to the contours of the shore or shelf edge. This is represented by 3 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    PavementCarbonate or volcanic substrate with <10 percent loose rocks or boulders scattered on the surface. Volcanic substrate may be smooth or irregular, depending on the original lava flow and subsequent erosion patterns. This is represented by 6 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    SandCoarse sediment typically found in areas exposed to currents or high wave energy (reef-derived) or on beaches (land-derived or reef-derived). This is represented by 2 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Unconsolidated sediment (represented by a 1 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    Spur-and-grooveElongate, alternating sand and coral formations that are oriented perpendicular to the shore or bank/shelf escarpment. The coral formations (spurs) of this feature typically have a high vertical relief relative to the pavement with sand channels class and are separated from each other by 1–5 m of sand or bare pavement (grooves). There are no spur-and-groove formations found in this map area. This is represented by 2 in the 2nd number in the UNIQUEID. This text value is only valid if the Major structure is Reef and hardbottom (represented by a 2 in the 1st number of the UNIQUEID).
    UnknownThis is represented by 0 in the 2nd number of the UNIQUEID.
    M_COVER
    Major biologic cover within the defined polygon. Not all of the following Major biologic cover components exist within this particular dataset. (Source: Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories.)
    ValueDefinition
    CoralThis is represented by 5 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID.
    MacroalgaeThis is represented by 2 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID.
    TurfThis is represented by 6 in the 3rd number in the UNIQUEID.
    UncolonizedThis is represented by 1 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID.
    UnknownThis is represented by 0 in the 3rd number of the UNIQUEID.
    P_COVER
    Percent cover of major biologic cover. (Source: Scientist. The attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories.)
    ValueDefinition
    10-<50%This is represented by 2 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID
    50-<90%This is represented by 3 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID
    90-100%This is represented by 4 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID
    UnknownThis is represented by 0 in the 4th number in the UNIQUEID.
    REEF_ZONE
    Location of a habitat community in the coral reef ecosystem. This does not indicate the substrate or biologic cover type. Not all of the following components exist within this particular dataset. (Source: Scientist. Attributes are modified from NOAA/NOS benthic habitat mapping classification scheme of the U.S. Pacific Territories.)
    ValueDefinition
    Bank/shelfA deep-water platform extending offshore from the seaward edge of the fore reef to the beginning of the escarpment where the insular shelf drops off into deep, oceanic water. If no reef crest is present, the bank/shelf is the flattened platform between the shoreline/intertidal zone and deeper ocean offshore. Typical habitats include sand, patch reefs, algae, colonized and uncolonized pavement with and without sand channels, and other coral habitats.
    Bank/shelf escarpmentThe edge of the bank/shelf where depth increases rapidly into deep, oceanic water. This zone begins in water depths of about 20–30 m, near the depth limit of features visible in aerial images. This zone captures the transition from the shelf to deep oceanic waters. Typical habitats include sand, aggregate reef, and spur-and-groove.
    ChannelNaturally occurring channels that often cut across several other zones. Typical habitats include sand, mud, and uncolonized pavement.
    Fore reefArea from the seaward edge of the reef crest that slopes into deeper water to the landward edge of the bank/shelf platform. Fore reef is also defined as features not forming an emergent reef crest but still having a seaward-facing slope that is markedly greater than the slope of the bank/shelf. Typical habitats include aggregate coral reef and spur-and-groove.
    Reef crestFlattened, emergent (especially during low tides) or nearly emergent segment of a reef, usually where the waves break. This zone is between the back reef and fore reef zones of a barrier reef system, and between the reef flat and fore reef of a fringing system. Typical habitats include reef rubble, patch reefs, and aggregate reefs.
    Reef flatWithout lagoon. Shallow, semi-exposed area between the shoreline/intertidal zone and the reef crest of a fringing reef system. This zone is protected from the high-energy waves commonly experienced on the reef crest and fore reef. The reef flat is not present if there is a lagoon. Typical habitats include sand, reef rubble, pavement, algae, mud, and patch reefs.
    Reef holeArea in which a visible hole is in the reef. Larger and deeper reef holes are referred to as blue holes because the deeper water inside the reef hole looks darker than the surrounding shallower water. Reef holes typically occur as a result of fresh water dissolution.
    Shape_Area
    The area, in square meters, of the reef habitat (based on NAD83-PA11). (Source: Software calculated (Esri ArcMap 10.8.2))
    Range of values
    Minimum:29.725052
    Maximum:1158704.13728
    Units:square meter

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Liana N. Heberer
    • Kristen A. Alkins
    • Curt D. Storlazzi
    • Susan A. Cochran
    • Ann E. Gibbs
    • Russell Sparks
    • Itana Silva
    • Kristy Stone
    • Tatiana Martinez
    • Cole Peralto
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These data are intended for science researchers, students, policy makers, and the general public. This shapefile can be used with geographic information systems (GIS) or other software to display the nearshore benthic habitat of Olowalu reef, Maui.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    WV2 (source 1 of 5)
    DigitalGlobe, 20121119, WorldView-2 satellite imagery: DigitalGlobe, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    WorldView-2 satellite imagery was used as a base layer to begin drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of orthoimagery used in the mapping project.
    Lidar (source 2 of 5)
    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Joint Airborne Lidar Bathymetry Technical Center of Expertise (JALBTCX), 20131125, Lidar bathymetry data: USACE JALBTCX, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    Lidar data were used as a layer to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of lidar data used in the mapping project.
    Acoustic (source 3 of 5)
    Gibbs, Ann E., Finlayson, David P., and Dartnell, Peter, 20231130, Swath bathymetry and acoustic-backscatter data collected in 2013 offshore Maui and Kaho’olawe, Hawaii, during field activity A-01-13-HW: U.S. Geological Survey, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    Swath backscatter and bathymetry data were used to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of lidar data used in the mapping project.
    Acoustic (source 4 of 5)
    Gibbs, Ann E., Cochran, Susan A., and Tierney, Peter W., 20130204, Seafloor video footage and still-frame grabs from U.S. Geological Survey cruises in Hawaiian nearshore waters: U.S. Geological Survey, online.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources
    Source_Contribution:
    Seafloor video and stills were used to assist in drawing polygons for benthic habitat interpretation. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of the seafloor imagery data used in the mapping project.
    Habitat-digitizing extension v.10.0 (source 5 of 5)
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 20120802, ArcGIS - Habitat Digitizer Extension (ArcGIS 10.0): Esri, Redlands, CA.

    Online Links:

    Type_of_Source_Media: Software
    Source_Contribution:
    Habitat digitizer extension v.10.0 (downloaded 23 Aug 2021) was used in ArcGIS v.10.3 as a tool to assist with digitizing polygons and assigning attributes. See accompanying report for complete details.
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 01-Dec-2021 (process 1 of 1)
    The benthic maps were digitized using a heads-up digitizing method. A minimum mapping unit of 100 square meters was using with the exception of smaller features carrying unique habitat significance (for example, an individual coral colony 2 m in diameter in an otherwise uncolonized area) or when caused by subdividing a habitat polygon that traversed more than one geographic zone. As input to guide the digitizing, the following datasets were used: satellite orthoimagery, lidar bathymetry, acoustic imagery, and seafloor video and stills. The draft map was created and randomly selected still images (independently classified) that were not used as part of the interpretation were used to assess the accuracy of the polygons. Any necessary corrections were made to the mapped polygons, and the final interpretation was created. See the accompanying U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report for a complete description of the process flow used in the mapping project. Data sources used in this process:
    • All Source Contributions listed in the Lineage section of the metadata file were used in the interpretation of the benthic map polygons.
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Heberer, Liana N., Alkins, Kristen A., Storlazzi, Curt D., Cochran, Susan A., Gibbs, Ann E., Sparks, Russell, Silva, Itana, Stone, Kristy, Martinez, Tatiana, Peralto, Cole, Battista, Tim, Costa, Bryan, Peralto, Cole, Levine, Arielle S., Stow, Douglas, and Maloney, Jillian, 2025, Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui, determined with integrated spectral, acoustic, and lidar data.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Stone, C., Silva, I., Martinez, T., Peralto, C., Levine, A., Stow, D., and Maloney, J., 2025, Benthic habitat map of Olowalu Reef, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025–1010, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr/20251010.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Georeferenced in situ underwater images extracted from vessel-towed video surveys of the seafloor were used as ground reference (n=870, 80 percent of images) and accuracy assessment (n=216, 20 percent of images), all of which were validated by the Hawai’i Division of Aquatic Resources. Final thematic accuracy was 88 percent for major structure, 86 percent for dominant structure, 86 percent for major biological cover, and 79 percent for percentage of major biological cover.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    Habitat was digitized at a 100 square meter Minimum Mapping Unit (MMU) at a digitizing scale averaging 1:1,000. Digitization was based on satellite imagery with a 0.154 m RMS accuracy at a 95 percent confidence level as determined by DigitalGlobe, and bathymetric lidar with a +/-3.50-6.50 m horizontal accuracy, as determined by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    There has not been a formal accuracy assessment of vertical position in this dataset and/or is not applicable.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Data quality control (QC) included correction of topology errors, such as polygon overlap, and logical attribution errors, such as inconsistent UNIQUEID codes.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints No access constraints
Use_Constraints These data are not intended for navigational purposes. USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available as a shapefile (Olowalu_bhabs.shp) contained in a single zip file (Olowalu_bhabs.zip).
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
    • Availability in digital form:
      Data format: Zip file contains the shapefile. in format Shapefile Size: 0.96
      Network links: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9ICJ7CF
    • Cost to order the data: None.

  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with any GIS software.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 10-Apr-2025
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)

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