FIIS_Breach_Shorelines.shp - Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Breach Shoreline Data Collected from Fire Island, New York, October 2014 to September 2016

Frequently anticipated questions:

• What does this data set describe?
  1. How might this data set be cited?
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
• Who produced the data set?
  1. Who are the originators of the data set?
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
• Why was the data set created?
• How was the data set created?
  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
• How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?
  1. How well have the observations been checked?
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the data, including topology?
• How can someone get a copy of the data set?
  1. Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
  2. Who distributes the data?
  3. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set?
  4. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
  5. How can I download or order the data?
• Who wrote the metadata?

What does this data set describe?

1. How might this data set be cited?
   U.S. Geological Survey, 20170317, FIIS_Breach_Shorelines.shp - Fire Island National Seashore Wilderness Breach Shoreline Data Collected from Fire Island, New York, October 2014 to September 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Data Release doi:10.5066/F7G15Z17, U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.5066/F7G15Z17

   This is part of the following larger work.
   Henderson, Rachel Hehre, Hapke, Cheryl J., Brenner, Owen T., and Reynolds, B.J., 20150325, Hurricane Sandy Beach Response and Recovery at Fire Island, New York: Shoreline and Beach Profile Data, October 2012 to October 2014: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS 931, U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida.

   Online Links:

   • https://doi.org/10.3133/ds931

2. What geographic area does the data set cover?

   West_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.902970
   East_Bounding_Coordinate: -72.890551
   North_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.726277
   South_Bounding_Coordinate: 40.720695
   

3. What does it look like?
4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?

   Calendar_Date: 07-Oct-2014

   Currentness_Reference:

   ground condition

5. What is the general form of this data set?

   Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
   

6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
   1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • String (12)
   2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      

      Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator
      Universal_Transverse_Mercator:

      UTM_Zone_Number: 18
      Transverse_Mercator:

      Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996
      Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -75.0
      Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.0
      False_Easting: 500000.0
      False_Northing: 0.0
      

      Planar coordinates are encoded using coordinate pair
      Abscissae (x-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.6096
      Ordinates (y-coordinates) are specified to the nearest 0.6096
      Planar coordinates are specified in meters
      The horizontal datum used is North American Datum of 1983.
      The ellipsoid used is Geodetic Reference System 80.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.0.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257222101.
      
7. How does the data set describe geographic features?

   FIIS_Breach_USGS

   Vector shorelines (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)

   FID

   Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.

   Shape

   Feature geometry. (Source: ESRI) Coordinates defining the features.

   DATE_

   Date assigned to MHW shoreline position; date of original survey as indicated on source material in the format mm/dd/yyyy. (Source: USGS) Character string of length 10. Date expressed as mm/dd/yyyy.

   UNCERT

   Estimate of shoreline position uncertainty. Actual shoreline position is expected to be within the range of this value (plus or minus, meters). See the section on horizontal positional accuracy for more detailed description. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   10	Uncertainty of the shoreline position

   Agency

   Originator Agency of material used to derive shoreline. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   USGS	The U.S. Geological survey is responsible for the collection of this data

   Proxy

   Method used to determine shoreline. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   Approximate MHW shoreline	The breach shorleine, collected to approximate the MHW elevation

   Data_Sourc

   Source (type) of data used to generate the shoreline. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   DGPS Post Sandy Field Data Collection	Source (type) of data used to generate the shoreline.

   NOTES_

   Notes about each shoreline, including a description of coverage and data gaps alongshore. (Source: USGS) Character string of length 150

   Originator

   The person or persons responsible for interpreting the tabular field data to the MHW shoreline. (Source: USGS)

   Value	Definition
   USGS	The U.S. Geological Survey is responsible for the collection and preperation of this data

   Shape_Leng

   Length of feature in meters units (UTM zone 18N NAD 83) automatically calculated by Esri software in the geodatabase. (Source: Esri)

   Range of values
   Minimum:	277.4530
   Maximum:	1089.4819

Who produced the data set?

1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
   • U.S. Geological Survey
2. Who also contributed to the data set?
3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
   U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida

   Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727)-502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

Starting in October of 2014, data along the breach located in the Otis Pike National High Dune Wilderness Area was collected to monitor the breach opening. The USGS is continuing to monitor the beaches, dunes and breach to evaluate how much of the sand removed by Hurricane Sandy returns to the beach via natural beach-building processes.

How was the data set created?

1. From what previous works were the data drawn?

   DGPS DATA DATE (source 1 of 1)

   Reynolds, B.J., Brenner, Owen, and Hapke, Cheryl J., Unpublished material, FIIS DGPS shoreline data.

   Other_Citation_Details:

   In order to examine the shoreline dynamics associated with Hurricane Sandy and monitor the continued response and recovery, surveys of continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected in conjunction with cross-shore profiles and surveys of the breach shoreline. Multiple shore-parallel tracklines were collected to capture the base of the dune, the mid-beach, and the upper and lower foreshore along the length of the island from Fire Island lighthouse to the western side of the storm-induced inlet breach at Old Inlet.
   Initial surveys were conducted one day prior to landfall and immediate post-storm surveys were conducted over the three days following Hurricane Sandy. The beaches and dunes were resurveyed monthly from December 2012 through April 2013, and bi-monthly surveys are presently ongoing. Starting in October of 2014, data along the breach located in the Otis Pike National High Dune Wilderness Area was collected to monitor the breach opening. The USGS is continuing to monitor the beaches, dunes and breach to evaluate how much of the sand removed by Sandy returns to the beach via natural beach-building processes.

   Type_of_Source_Media: .csv file
   Source_Contribution:

   Tabular DGPS data (collected in ASCII format) was converted to vector digital data and edited using Esri ArcMap v 10.0 to publish shoreline data in a GIS environment.

2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?

   Date: 30-Sep-2016 (process 1 of 5)

   Breach Shoreline from tabular DGPS Data (Oct 2014 - Sept 2016)
   Continuous alongshore DGPS data were collected along the western and eastern sides of the breach shoreline, at a user approximated MHW line. These data were converted from tabular files to vector shorelines. For each survey date, ASCII point data were imported into ArcMap as polyline shapefiles. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida

   Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727)-502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • DGPS DATA DATE

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • FIIS_Breach_Shorelines_date

   Date: 30-Sep-2016 (process 2 of 5)

   The shoreline file FIIS_Breach_Shorelines_date was coded with attribute fields: FID, DATE_, and UNCERT (Uncertainty). These fields are required for the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS), which can be used to calculate change rates. Additional fields: Agency, Proxy, Data_Sourc, NOTES_, and Originator, were added to comply with the existing historical shoreline shapefile database for Fire Island. Agency refers to the contact organization (ex: USGS, NPS), Proxy is the shoreline proxy used to derive the shoreline (ex: MHW, HWL, WDL), Data_Sourc is the material or source of the shoreline data (ex: lidar, air photos, GPS), NOTES_ indicates the extent of the shoreline data along Fire Island, and the Originator_ attribute is the contact organization and contact person responsible for the generation of the shoreline. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727)-502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov

   Date: 30-Sep-2016 (process 3 of 5)

   The positional variability of an interpolated MHW (mean high water) shoreline is influenced primarily by tides, winds, waves and beach slope. Similarly, other water level based proxies (HWL - high water line, LHTS- last high tide swash) have positional variability which is weather and tide dependent. Drawing from data presented in Pajak and Leathermann (2002), a conservative estimate of HWL variability (given tide range and beach slope) of 10 m could be assessed for Fire Island, given the similar tide range (1.3 m) and average beach slopes (4.3-6.7°) at Fire Island compared to values published for the examples at Assateague Island, MD (0.7 m, and 4-6°) and Duck, NC (1.1 m, and 8-10°). For the breach shoreline collected approximating MHW, under the same influence of tides and slope, we expect the same positional uncertainty as is observed for the HWL shoreline. Thus a conservative estimate of breach shoreline positional uncertainty of 10 m.
   The repeatability of interpreting the same WDL line (verses additional wrack lines) is estimated by the operator to be 1 m.
   Uncertainties derived from equipment limitations and post processing of the data is estimated to be 0.01 m and 0.04 m respectively.
   In total, the shoreline positional uncertainty for the shorelines collected at the Wilderness Breach are the square root of the sum of the squares of the following terms.
   suare root of (10^2+1^2+0.01^2+0.04^2) = 10.05 meters Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727)-502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov

   Date: 30-Sep-2016 (process 4 of 5)

   All breach shorelines were appended into one feature class (in a personal geodatabase). ArcToolbox>>Data Management Tools>>General>>Append Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center

   Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727)-502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov

   Data sources used in this process:

   • FIIS_Breach_Shorelines_date

   Data sources produced in this process:

   • FIIS_Breach_USGS

   Date: 13-Oct-2020 (process 5 of 5)

   Added keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. Person who carried out this activity:
   

   U.S. Geological Survey

   Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross

   Marine Geologist

   384 Woods Hole Road

   Woods Hole, MA
   

   508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)

   508-457-2310 (FAX)

   vatnipp@usgs.gov

3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
   Pajak, M. J., and Leatherman, S., 2002, The High Water Line as Shoreline Indicator: Journal of Coastal Research Vol. 18, No. 2, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, Inc., Coconut Creek, FL.

   Online Links:

   • http://www.jstor.org/stable/4299078

   Hapke, Cheryl J., Brenner, Owen, Hehre, Rachel, and Reynolds, B.J., 20130827, Coastal Change from Hurricane Sandy and the 2012-13 Winter Storm Season: Fire Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 2013-1231, U.S. Geological Survey - St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida.

   Online Links:

   • http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1231/

   Other_Citation_Details:

   Suggested citation: Hapke, C.J., Brenner, Owen, Hehre, Rachel, and Reynolds, B.J., 2013, Coastal change from Hurricane Sandy and the 2012-13 winter storm season-Fire Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 20131231, 37 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1231/.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

1. How well have the observations been checked?
   The breach shoreline data provided here is a compilation of shorelines that were collected using USGS-specific field-collection methods over the course of two years following hurricane Sandy, which made landfall in New Jersey on October 29, 2012.
2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
   The positional variability of an interpolated MHW (mean high water) shoreline is influenced primarily by tides, winds, waves and beach slope. Similarly, other water level based proxies (HWL - high water line, LHTS- last high tide swash) have positional variability which is weather and tide dependent. Drawing from data presented in Pajak and Leathermann (2002), a conservative estimate of HWL variability (given tide range and beach slope) of 10 m could be assessed for Fire Island, given the similar tide range (1.3 m) and average beach slopes (4.3-6.7°) at Fire Island compared to values published for the examples at Assateague Island, MD (0.7 m, and 4-6°) and Duck, NC (1.1 m, and 8-10°). For the breach shoreline collected approximating MHW, under the same influence of tides and slope, we expect the same positional uncertainty as is observed for the HWL shoreline. Thus a conservative estimate of breach shoreline positional uncertainty of 10 m.
   The repeatability of interpreting the same WDL line (verses additional wrack lines) is estimated by the operator to be 1 m.
   Uncertainties derived from equipment limitations and post processing of the data is estimated to be 0.01 m and 0.04 m respectively.
   In total, the shoreline positional uncertainty for the shorelines collected at the wilderness Breach are the square root of the sum of the squares of the following terms.
   suare root of (10^2+1^2+0.01^2+0.04^2) = 10.05 meters
3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
   
4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
   This shoreline file is complete and contains all shoreline segments derived from Post-Sandy data collection efforts. These data adequately represented the shoreline position at the time of the survey.
5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
   Adjacent shoreline segments do not overlap and are not necessarily continuous. Shorelines were quality checked for accuracy.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?

Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:

Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.

1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
   
   U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida

   600 4th Street South

   St. Petersburg, FL
   

   USA

   (727) 502-8000 (voice)

   rehenderson@usgs.gov
2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? FIIS_Breach_Shoreliens.shp
3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?

   Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

4. How can I download or order the data?
   • Availability in digital form:

     Data format:	This WinZip file contains a shapefile of 12 shorelines for Wilderness Breach at Fire Island, NY. in format WinZip (version 15.5) Esri polyline shapefile
     Network links:	https://coastal.er.usgs.gov/data-release/doi-F7G15Z17/data/Breach_Shoreline.zip

   • Cost to order the data: None

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:

Last modified: 13-Oct-2020

Metadata author:

U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, Florida

Attn: Rachel E. Henderson (Hehre)

600 4th Street South

St. Petersburg, FL

USA

Contact_Voice_Telephone (voice)

rehenderson@usgs.gov

Hours_of_Service: 0800-1600 Eastern Time

Metadata standard:

Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)