Geotagged sea-floor images and locations of bottom images collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2019-034-FA (JPEG images, point shapefile, and CSV file; GCS WGS 84)

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title:
Geotagged sea-floor images and locations of bottom images collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2019-034-FA (JPEG images, point shapefile, and CSV file; GCS WGS 84)
Abstract:
Accurate data and maps of sea floor geology are important first steps toward protecting fish habitat, delineating marine resources, and assessing environmental changes due to natural or human impacts. To address these concerns the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM), comprehensively mapped the Cape Cod Bay sea floor to characterize the surface and shallow subsurface geologic framework. Geophysical data collected include swath bathymetry, backscatter, and seismic reflection profile data. Ground-truth data, including sediment samples, underwater video, and bottom photographs were also collected. This effort is part of a long-term collaboration between the USGS and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to map the State's waters, support research on the Quaternary evolution of coastal Massachusetts, the influence of sea-level change and sediment supply on coastal evolution, and efforts to understand the type, distribution, and quality of subtidal marine habitats. This collaboration produces high-resolution geologic maps and Geographic Information System (GIS) data that serve the needs of research, management and the public. Data collected as part of this mapping cooperative continue to be released in a series of USGS Open-File Reports and Data Releases (https://www.usgs.gov/centers/whcmsc/science/geologic-mapping-massachusetts-seafloor). This data release provides the geophysical and geologic sampling data collected in Cape Cod Bay during USGS Field Activities 2019-002-FA and 2019-034-FA in 2019.
Supplemental_Information:
Support for 2019-034-FA was provided to the USGS from the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management. See the larger work citation to view the sea-floor videos, locations of bottom video tracklines, and locations and grain-size analysis results of sediment samples collected during the survey, and to view the affiliated geophysical survey data collected during USGS field activity 2019-002-FA. For more information about the field activities associated with this project, see https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-002-FA and https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-034-FA.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Huntley, Emily C., 20220718, Geotagged sea-floor images and locations of bottom images collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2019-034-FA (JPEG images, point shapefile, and CSV file; GCS WGS 84): data release DOI:10.5066/P99DR4PN, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Ackerman, Seth D., Foster, David S., Andrews, Brian D., Danforth, William W., Baldwin, Wayne E., Huntley, Emily C., Worley, Charles R., and Brothers, Laura L., 2022, High-resolution geophysical and geological data collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts during USGS Field Activities 2019-002-FA and 2019-034-FA: data release DOI:10.5066/P99DR4PN, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Ackerman, S.D., Foster, D.S., Andrews, B.D., Danforth, W.W., Baldwin, W.E., Huntley, E.C., Worley, C.R., and Brothers, L.L., 2022, High-resolution geophysical and geological data collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts during USGS Field Activities 2019-002-FA and 2019-034-FA: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DR4PN.
  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.493223
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.135025
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 42.012814
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.752888
  3. What does it look like?
    https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/media/2021/10.5066-P99DR4PN/c373f9f090b946c1968c2c097a7639c0/2019-034-FA_photos_browse.jpg (JPEG)
    Map of sea-floor image locations in the survey area in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts.
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 17-Sep-2019
    Ending_Date: 19-Sep-2019
    Currentness_Reference:
    Data were collected on the following dates: 20190917 and 20190919.
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster, vector, and tabular digital data
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a Vector data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • string (161)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.000001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257224.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    2019-034-FA_photos
    Shapefile of locations for sea-floor imagery collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 during USGS field activity 2019-034-FA (161 point features). The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes, except for FID and Shape, which is not included in the CSV file. Geotagged sea-floor images are also included in this dataset; see the Entity and Attribute Overview section for a description of the JPEG images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    FID
    Internal feature number. (Source: Esri) Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated.
    Shape
    Feature geometry. (Source: Esri) Coordinates defining the features.
    PICNAME
    Name of bottom image used to uniquely identify between cameras and images: e.g., 2019034FA_GoProHERO4_20190917T140304Z_G0020782.JPG where 2019034FA refers to the field activity, GoProHERO4 refers to the camera, 20190917T140304Z refers to the image GPS date and time in the ISO 8601 standard (YYYYMMDD T [time separator] HHMMSS Z [Zulu/UTC time]), and G0020782 refers to the sequential photo number assigned to the image by the camera. The video frame grabs end in the sequential video number assigned to the video by the camera. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish images.
    CAMERA
    Camera used to collect bottom image. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish between different camera models mounted on the sampling system.
    GPSTIME
    UTC time of bottom image from GPS navigation file in the format HH:MM:SS. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the UTC times of the bottom images determined by the GPS.
    CAMR_TIME
    Camera time of bottom image in UTC in the format HH:MM:SS. The camera time is not applicable to the video frame grabs, so a no data value of 00:00:00 was used for these images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the camera times of the bottom images determined from the camera's internal clock.
    TIMEOFFSET
    Offset applied, if any, to match the bottom image to the correct time determined by the GPS navigation. This field is the time difference between the camera time and the GPS time in UTC in the format HH:MM:SS. A value of "00:00:00" indicates no offset was applied in processing. If the camera time were X seconds behind the GPS time, a positive offset of +X would be applied. If the camera were Y seconds ahead of the GPS time, a negative offset of -Y would be applied. The time offset is not applicable to the video frame grabs, so a no data value of 99:99:99 was used for these images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish the time offsets of the bottom images.
    JD
    Julian day that the bottom image was collected based on UTC time; Julian day is the integer number representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:260
    Maximum:262
    Units:Julian days
    Resolution:1
    YEAR
    Year that the bottom image was collected. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2019
    Maximum:2019
    Units:years
    Resolution:1
    DATE
    Date based on UTC time that the bottom image was collected in the format YYYYMMDD. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish dates.
    LAT
    Latitude of bottom image in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:41.752888
    Maximum:42.012814
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.000001
    LONG
    Longitude of bottom image in geographic coordinates, WGS 84. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-70.493223
    Maximum:-70.135025
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.000001
    FIELD_NO
    Site number as assigned in the field. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish site numbers.
    LINENAME
    Name of bottom video used to uniquely identify between surveys, cameras, and video files: e.g., 2019034FA_SeaViewer_20190917T140258Z_CLIP0000287.mp4 where 2019034FA refers to the field activity identifier, SeaViewer refers to the camera, 20190917T140258Z refers to the date and start time in the ISO 8601 standard (YYYYMMDD T [time separator] HHMMSS Z [Zulu/UTC time]), and CLIP0000287 refers to the sequential video number assigned to the video by the camera. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish bottom videos.
    FA_ID
    Serial number assigned to the field activity during which the bottom image was collected. This value is in the format YYYY-XXX-FA where YYYY is the survey year, XXX is the number assigned to the activity within that year, and FA indicates Field Activity. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to distinguish field activities by year and ID number.
    DEVICE_ID
    Sampling device used to collect the bottom image. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the sampling configuration used during the survey.
    VEHICLE_ID
    Vehicle (ship) used to collect data during the field activity. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey) String used to identify the survey vessel.
    2019-034-FA_photos.csv
    Comma-separated text file of locations for sea-floor imagery collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 during USGS field activity 2019-034-FA. The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes, except for FID, which is not included in the CSV file. Geotagged sea-floor images are also included in this dataset; see the Entity and Attribute Overview section for a description of the JPEG images. (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    2019-034-FA_photos
    JPEG-format sea-floor images collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 during USGS field activity 2019-034-FA (161 JPEG-formatted images). (Source: U.S. Geological Survey)
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview:
    This dataset contains 161 geotagged JPEG images of the sea floor from a GoPro HERO4 Black camera and SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 during USGS field activity 2019-034-FA, and a shapefile and CSV file of the locations of these images (see the Detailed Description section above for definitions of the shapefile and CSV file attributes). Survey information was also incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. The shapefile and CSV file have the same attributes, except for FID, which is not included in the CSV file.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Emily C. Huntley
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    The authors acknowledge our fellow participants of the Cape Cod Bay field activities 2019-002-FA (Walter Barnhardt, Luke Bennett, Eric Moore, Alex Nichols, Jake Fredericks, and Dan Kennedy) and 2019-034-FA (Dann Blackwood, Eric Moore, and Alex Nichols); the crew of the M/V Warren Jr and the R/V Tioga; and our sea floor mapping group onshore support team during these surveys (Jane Denny, PJ Bernard, Barry Irwin, and Emile Bergeron).
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    Seth Ackerman
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    sackerman@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

This dataset provides the geotagged sea-floor images as well as the location of those images acquired with a GoPro HERO4 Black camera and SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera on the Mini SEABed Observation and Sampling System (MiniSEABOSS) aboard the Research Vessel (R/V) Tioga during USGS field activity 2019-034-FA (September 17 and 19, 2019). These data were collected to characterize the sea floor by identifying sediment texture and to ground-truth acoustic data collected during USGS field activity 2019-002-FA. Bottom images serve as a means to visually classify grain size and identify sea-floor habitats, and they are especially important for sample sites where no physical sediment sample was collected.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 19-Sep-2019 (process 1 of 11)
    Step 1: Collected data.
    A marine geological survey (field activity 2019-034-FA) was conducted in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019. The R/V Tioga occupied one of the target sites, and the MiniSEABOSS was deployed off the vessel's A-frame on the stern of the ship. The MiniSEABOSS was equipped with a modified Van Veen grab sampler, a GoPro HERO4 Black digital camera, an oblique downward-looking SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera with a topside feed, a Paralenz DiveCamera+ recording backup video, and a dive light to illuminate the sea floor for video and photograph collection. The elements of this particular MiniSEABOSS were held within a stainless-steel frame that measured ~1 x 1 meter. The frame had a stabilizer fin that oriented the system as it drifted over the seabed. Two red lasers were set 20 centimeters apart (both as they were mounted on the MiniSEABOSS frame and as seen in photographs and video on the seabed) for scale measurements. The red laser dots can usually be seen in the sea-floor photos and videos depending on the bottom type and distance to the sea floor. The winch operator lowered the MiniSEABOSS until the sea floor was observed in the topside live video feed. Generally, the vessel and MiniSEABOSS drifted with wind and current for up to a few minutes to ensure a decent photo with a clear view of the sea floor was acquired. The GoPro camera was set to take photos every 2 seconds during a MiniSEABOSS deployment. The photographed area is most often within 0.5 to 1.25 meters from left to right. Bottom video was also recorded during the drift from the oblique downward-looking SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera directly to a solid-state drive using an Odyssey7 video recorder. Fifteen sites did not have any usable GoPro photographs, so still-image frame grabs were captured from the SeaViewer bottom videos for these sites in a subsequent process step. Then, the winch operator lowered the Van Veen grab sampler until it rested on the sea floor. When the system was raised, the Van Veen grab sampler closed and collected a sample as it was lifted off the sea floor. The sampler was recovered to the deck of the survey vessel where a subsample was taken for grain-size analysis at the sediment laboratory at the USGS Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center. During the survey, DGPS navigation from a Hemisphere R131 DGPS receiver was logged through a DataBridge data logger and QGIS (version 3.0.0) GPS Tools. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a 1-second interval in geographic coordinates (WGS 84). Dates and times were recorded in UTC. Log files were saved for each Julian day in NMEA text format. The GPS data were also overlaid onto the SeaViewer video using a Proteus-V Pro video overlay device. A total of 49 sites were occupied aboard the R/V Tioga with the MiniSEABOSS during field activity 2019-034-FA, and bottom imagery was collected at all 49 sites. Person who carried out this activity:
    Seth Ackerman
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    sackerman@usgs.gov
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    • Bottom videos
    • Raw navigation data
    Date: Feb-2021 (process 2 of 11)
    Step 2: Processed navigation.
    To process the NMEA navigation data, GPSBabel (version 1.7.0) was used to read the GPRMC navigation sentences from the NMEA log files, translate them to waypoints, and write the waypoints to a GPX XML file (nmea_nav_jd260_jd262.gpx). The GPX file was then converted to a shapefile in QGIS (version 3.10.9). New fields for the latitude and longitude were added to the shapefile and calculated to six decimal places. The shapefile was exported as a Comma Separated Values (CSV) text file, which was then formatted in Microsoft Excel for Mac (version 16.16), creating a processed NMEA navigation CSV file for the survey (nmea_nav_jd260_jd262.csv).
    Due to an issue with the data logger, the raw navigation data were recorded to NMEA files for only 22 of the 50 sampler deployments. For the remaining 28 deployments, the latitude and longitude recorded on the video overlay were used for the navigation data. To obtain the navigation data from the overlay, first, a command was run to extract a still-image frame grab every 1 second from the videos using FFmpeg (version 4.3.1). Next, a command was run to crop the latitude from each frame grab. The cropped image of the latitude was then converted to text using the optical character recognition engine Tesseract (version 4.1.1) and saved as a text file. These commands were repeated to crop the longitude from each frame grab and convert it to text, and then again to crop and convert the time to text. All the latitude, longitude, and time text files were concatenated and merged into a single text file. This text file was then imported and formatted in Microsoft Excel for Mac, creating a processed video overlay navigation CSV file for the survey (videocrop_coords_and_times.csv). The video overlay navigation data were checked to see if any times were missing. Occasionally, frame grabs were not extracted for the first or last second of the video. These missing frame grabs were identified, and the navigation data from the missing frame grabs were added to the video overlay navigation CSV file.
    Shapefiles of the NMEA and video overlay navigation CSV files were created in ArcGIS (version 10.7.1). The sites with no NMEA navigation were identified, and the video overlay navigation data for those sites were exported as a table. The exported table was added to the NMEA navigation in Microsoft Excel for Mac and saved as a CSV file, creating a final navigation file for the survey (nmea_and_videocrop_nav.csv). Finally, the CSV text file was converted to a GPX file (nmea_and_videocrop_nav.gpx), which is a GPS track log file format used by ExifTool for geotagging, using GPS Visualizer (http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/convert_input?convert_format=gpx, accessed February 14, 2021). This process step and the subsequent process steps were performed by the same person, Emily Huntley. Person who carried out this activity:
    Emily Huntley
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geographer/Database Specialist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    ehuntley@contractor.usgs.gov
    Data sources used in this process:
    • Raw navigation data
    • Bottom videos
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Bottom video frame grabs
    • Final CSV navigation file
    • Final GPX navigation file
    Date: Feb-2021 (process 3 of 11)
    Step 3: Identified camera time offsets for the GoPro photos.
    The original GoPro JPEG images do not represent spatial data; however, they were geotagged in a subsequent process step by linking the time the image was taken, which was recorded in the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image, to the corresponding time in the navigation file. Before geotagging the images, the GoPro camera time, which was set to UTC, was compared to the GPS time using calibration photos to see if a time offset should be applied to the camera time of the photos. Camera time drift and the precision with which the camera time can be set often result in a time offset. During the first day of surveying (Julian day 260), photos of an accurate UTC time were taken with the GoPro camera so that the camera time could be calibrated to the GPS time during image processing. These calibration photographs indicated that the GoPro camera time was up to 1 second behind the GPS time. GoPro calibration photos were not available for the second day of surveying (Julian day 262), so four images from that day were visually compared to the bottom videos (which were recorded with an overlay of the GPS time) and found to have a camera time 12 to 13 seconds ahead of the GPS time. The time offset for Julian day 260 was negligible and was not corrected, while the time offset for Julian day 262 was corrected in a later process step. Data sources used in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    Date: Feb-2021 (process 4 of 11)
    Step 4: Geotagged the GoPro photos.
    To geotag the images, the following commands were used with ExifTool (version 11.86) to populate the GPS tags (GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLatitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSTimeStamp, and GPSDateStamp) in the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Since various time offsets were applied to the GoPro photos, different commands were run for each day's images.
    GoPro photos from Julian day 260: exiftool -api GeoMaxIntSecs=0 -api GeoMaxExtSecs=0 -P -m -geotag ./nmea_and_videocrop_nav.gpx '-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00' ./JD260
    GoPro photos from Julian day 262: exiftool -api GeoMaxIntSecs=0 -api GeoMaxExtSecs=0 -P -m -geotag ./nmea_and_videocrop_nav.gpx -geosync=-12 '-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00' ./JD262
    In the above commands, the "-api GeoMaxIntSecs" option sets the maximum interpolation time to 0 seconds for geotagging. The "-api GeoMaxExtSecs" option sets the maximum extrapolation time to 0 seconds for geotagging. The "-P" option preserves the FileModifyDate. The "-m" option ignores a warning given by ExifTool when reading or writing a file containing unknown MakerNotes. If this option is not used, the following warnings are issued since ExifTool does not recognize the MakerNotes in the GoPro images: "Warning: [minor] Unrecognized MakerNotes; Warning: [minor] Maker notes could not be parsed." The "-geosync" option is used when the image timestamps are not properly synchronized with the GPS time and is equal to the time offset identified in a previous process step; it is the time difference in seconds that is added to the camera time before determining the image's GPS time and location with a leading "+" or "-" added for positive or negative differences (negative if the camera clock was ahead of the GPS time). Finally, the "-geotime<${DateTimeOriginal}+00:00" argument is added to geotag images for which the camera clock was set to UTC. For more information about the ExifTool commands, see https://exiftool.org/geotag.html and https://exiftool.org/faq.html. Data sources used in this process:
    • Original JPEG photographs
    • Final GPX navigation file
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs
    Date: Apr-2021 (process 5 of 11)
    Step 5: Culled the GoPro photos.
    Fifty-three of the GoPro photos had no corresponding navigation data and were removed from the dataset. These photos were taken on deck or in the water column. Since the GoPro camera was set to take photos every 2 seconds during a MiniSEABOSS deployment, the remaining bottom photographs were culled to select a few representative images for each site for publication. To do this, photos that intersected a bottom video trackline were selected to remove geotagged photos collected within the water column or on deck. The selected photos were then reviewed to choose representative photos with a clear view of the sea floor. If a site had many photos with a clear view of the sea floor, then a photo generally every 15 to 20 seconds was selected for publication. Data sources used in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Selected geotagged JPEG photographs
    Date: Apr-2021 (process 6 of 11)
    Step 6: Incorporated survey information into the GoPro photos' metadata.
    Additional survey information was incorporated into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image. Images may have different metadata formats embedded in their headers, and the commands below incorporated survey information into the following three image metadata formats: Exchangeable image file format (Exif), International Press Telecommunications Council (IPTC), and Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP). The second command below duplicates values from Exif and IPTC metadata tags to XMP tags because various software packages read different tags. Please note that only a subset of these tags may be accessed depending on the software used to view the image metadata.
    Command to incorporate survey information into the metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image using ExifTool (version 11.86):
    exiftool -P -m "-XMP:PreservedFileName<Filename" -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-034-FA; Photograph of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, from USGS field activity 2019-034-FA" -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DR4PN" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="position post-processed from nearby GPS" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)" -EXIF:Artist="Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Sea Floor Mapping Group (SFMG)" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Command to duplicate metadata from the Exif and IPTC formats to XMP using ExifTool:
    exiftool -P -m "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" "-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all" "-XMP-exif:GPSLatitude<Composite:GPSLatitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSLongitude<Composite:GPSLongitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSDateTime<Composite:GPSDateTime" "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" "-XMP-xmp:ModifyDate<EXIF:ModifyDate" "-XMP-dc:Creator<EXIF:Artist" "-XMP-tiff:Make<EXIF:Make" "-XMP-tiff:Model<EXIF:Model" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    The following metadata tags were populated in the JPEG image header using the above ExifTool commands:
    Exif tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    Artist: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Sea Floor Mapping Group (SFMG) Copyright: Public Domain GPSAreaInformation: position post-processed from nearby GPS GPSMapDatum: EPSG:4326 (WGS 84) ImageDescription: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-034-FA; Photograph of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, from USGS field activity 2019-034-FA
    IPTC tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    Contact: WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov Credit: U.S. Geological Survey
    XMP tags and the information used to populate these tags:
    AttributionURL: https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DR4PN Creator: duplicated from Exif Artist CreatorWorkEmail: duplicated from IPTC Contact Credit: duplicated from IPTC Credit DateCreated: duplicated from Exif DateTimeOriginal Description: duplicated from Exif ImageDescription GPSAreaInformation: duplicated from Exif GPSAreaInformation by copying all the Exif GPS tags to the same-named tags in XMP (-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all) GPSDateTime: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSDateStamp and Exif GPSTimeStamp GPSLatitude: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSLatitude and Exif GPSLatitudeRef GPSLongitude: duplicated using the composite of Exif GPSLongitude and Exif GPSLongitudeRef GPSMapDatum: duplicated from Exif GPSMapDatum by copying all the Exif GPS tags to the same-named tags in XMP (-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all) Make: duplicated from Exif Make Model: duplicated from Exif Model ModifyDate: duplicated from Exif ModifyDate PreservedFileName: original image file name, which is unique for each image Rights: duplicated from Exif Copyright UsageTerms: Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
    To extract the geotagging and survey information (except for the duplicated tags) from the image metadata using ExifTool, the following command can be used (tested with ExifTool version 11.86):
    exiftool -csv -filename -EXIF:GPSTimeStamp -EXIF:GPSDateStamp -GPSLatitude -GPSLongitude -n -IPTC:Credit -IPTC:Contact -EXIF:Copyright -XMP:UsageTerms -EXIF:ImageDescription -XMP:AttributionURL -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation -EXIF:GPSMapDatum -EXIF:Artist *.JPG > out.csv
    The "-csv" option writes the information to a CSV file. The "-n" option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Please note that the above command was tested on macOS; Windows users may need to use "exiftool.exe" instead of "exiftool." Data sources used in this process:
    • Selected geotagged JPEG photographs
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs with updated metadata tags
    Date: Jul-2021 (process 7 of 11)
    Step 7: Selected bottom video frame grabs for publication.
    Fifteen sites with no usable GoPro photographs were identified (sites 2019-034-FA-022, 2019-034-FA-035, and 2019-034-FA-037 through 2019-034-FA-049). For these sites, one to three images per site were selected from the bottom video frame grabs that were created when processing the navigation. The frame grabs from a video drift were reviewed to choose representative images with a clear view of the sea floor. If a site had many frame grabs with a clear view of the sea floor, then a frame grab generally every 15 to 20 seconds was selected for publication. Finally, the selected frame grabs were converted from PNG images to JPEG images using Preview (version 10.1). Data sources used in this process:
    • Bottom video frame grabs
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Selected bottom video frame grabs
    Date: Nov-2021 (process 8 of 11)
    Step 8: Geotagged the bottom video frame grabs and incorporated survey information into the frame grabs' metadata.
    To geolocate the bottom video frame grabs, a CSV file was created with fields for the filename, GPS date, and GPS time. The videos were recorded with an overlay of the GPS date and time, so this information was entered using the date and time shown on each frame grab. The latitude and longitude of each video frame grab were added to the CSV file by matching the frame grab time with a CSV file of the final processed navigation in Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac. The CSV file was formatted to have the following fields: SourceFile, GPSDateStamp, GPSTimeStamp, GPSLatitude, GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLongitude, and GPSLongitudeRef. To geotag the images, the following command was used with ExifTool (version 11.86) to populate the GPS tags (GPSLatitudeRef, GPSLatitude, GPSLongitudeRef, GPSLongitude, GPSTimeStamp, and GPSDateStamp) in the Exif metadata of each JPEG image:
    exiftool -P -csv="video_frame_grabs_geotag.csv" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Additional survey information was then incorporated into the Exif, IPTC, and XMP metadata embedded in the header of each JPEG image using the following ExifTool command:
    exiftool -P -m "-XMP:PreservedFileName<Filename" -IPTC:Credit="U.S. Geological Survey" -IPTC:Contact="WHSC_data_contact@usgs.gov" -EXIF:Copyright="Public Domain" -XMP:UsageTerms="Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data for other purposes, nor on all computer systems, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty." -EXIF:ImageDescription="https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-034-FA; Video frame grab of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, from USGS field activity 2019-034-FA" -XMP:AttributionURL="https://doi.org/10.5066/P99DR4PN" -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation="position post-processed from nearby GPS" -EXIF:GPSMapDatum="EPSG:4326 (WGS 84)" -EXIF:DateTimeOriginal="0000:00:00 00:00:00" -EXIF:ModifyDate="0000:00:00 00:00:00" -EXIF:Artist="Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC) Sea Floor Mapping Group (SFMG)" -EXIF:Make="SeaViewer" -EXIF:Model="6000 HD Sea-Drop" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    Finally, the following command was run to duplicate metadata from the Exif and IPTC formats to XMP using ExifTool:
    exiftool -P -m "-XMP-photoshop:Credit<IPTC:Credit" "-XMP-iptcCore:CreatorWorkEmail<IPTC:Contact" "-XMP-dc:Rights<EXIF:Copyright" "-XMP-dc:Description<EXIF:ImageDescription" "-XMP-exif:all<GPS:all" "-XMP-exif:GPSLatitude<Composite:GPSLatitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSLongitude<Composite:GPSLongitude" "-XMP-exif:GPSDateTime<Composite:GPSDateTime" "-XMP-photoshop:DateCreated<EXIF:DateTimeOriginal" "-XMP-xmp:ModifyDate<EXIF:ModifyDate" "-XMP-dc:Creator<EXIF:Artist" "-XMP-tiff:Make<EXIF:Make" "-XMP-tiff:Model<EXIF:Model" -overwrite_original *.JPG
    The same information that was incorporated into the GoPro photos' metadata was populated in the headers of the video frame grabs with the following exceptions for the Exif tags:
    DateTimeOriginal: 0000:00:00 00:00:00 [No data] ImageDescription: https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2019-034-FA; Video frame grab of the sea floor in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, from USGS field activity 2019-034-FA Make: SeaViewer Model: 6000 HD Sea-Drop ModifyDate: 0000:00:00 00:00:00 [No data]
    To extract the geotagging and survey information (except for DateTimeOriginal, ModifyDate, and the duplicated tags) from the image metadata using ExifTool, the following command can be used (tested with ExifTool version 11.86):
    exiftool -csv -filename -EXIF:GPSTimeStamp -EXIF:GPSDateStamp -GPSLatitude -GPSLongitude -n -IPTC:Credit -IPTC:Contact -EXIF:Copyright -XMP:UsageTerms -EXIF:ImageDescription -XMP:AttributionURL -EXIF:GPSAreaInformation -EXIF:GPSMapDatum -EXIF:Artist -EXIF:Make -EXIF:Model *.JPG > out.csv
    The "-csv" option writes the information to a CSV file. The "-n" option formats the latitude and longitude as signed decimal degrees. Please note that the above command was tested on macOS; Windows users may need to use "exiftool.exe" instead of "exiftool." Data sources used in this process:
    • Video frame grabs
    • Final CSV navigation file
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Geotagged video frame grabs with updated metadata tags
    Date: Nov-2021 (process 9 of 11)
    Step 9: Renamed the images.
    The images were renamed to include the field activity identifier, camera, and GPS date and time in the ISO 8601 standard (YYYYMMDD T [time separator] HHMMSS Z [Zulu/UTC time]) in the filename. Renaming the images was done by creating a shell script with the original image name and the new filename with the GPS date and time information parsed from the image's Exif metadata tags. Data sources used in this process:
    • Geotagged JPEG photographs with updated metadata tags
    • Geotagged video frame grabs with updated metadata tags
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Final JPEG images
    Date: Nov-2021 (process 10 of 11)
    Step 10: Created a CSV file of the bottom image locations.
    The information from the image metadata tags was extracted using the following ExifTool (version 11.86) command:
    exiftool -csv -f -GPSTimeStamp -DateTimeOriginal -GPSDateStamp -GPSLatitude -GPSLongitude -n *.JPG > out.csv
    Microsoft Excel 2016 for Mac was used to rename the field names for the filename (PICNAME), GPS time (GPSTIME), original camera time (CAMR_TIME), GPS date (DATE), latitude (LAT), and longitude (LONG); add new fields for the camera (CAMERA), time offset applied to the camera time (TIMEOFFSET), Julian day of collection (JD), year of collection (YEAR), survey ID (FA_ID), sampling device used to collect the image (DEVICE_ID), and survey vessel (VEHICLE_ID); and remove additional fields extracted from the ExifTool command. Data sources used in this process:
    • Final JPEG images
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Bottom image locations CSV file
    Date: Nov-2021 (process 11 of 11)
    Step 11: Created a final shapefile and CSV file of the bottom image locations.
    A shapefile was created from the bottom image locations CSV file using the XY Table To Point tool in Esri ArcGIS Pro (version 2.4.1). The Spatial Join tool was then run to calculate the site number (FIELD_NO) and video trackline (LINENAME) for each bottom image by joining the attributes of the bottom video tracklines shapefile (see "2019-034-FA_videos.shp" in the larger work citation) using the intersect match option with a search radius of 0.01 meters. Unnecessary fields created when running the Spatial Join tool were deleted (i.e., Join_Count and TARGET_FID). The shapefile was reordered using the Sort tool to sort the images in chronological order (JD and GPSTIME sort fields in ascending order). Finally, the shapefile's attribute table was exported in Esri ArcGIS Pro and saved as a CSV file. The FID field was deleted in the CSV file. Data sources used in this process:
    • Bottom image locations CSV file
    • Bottom video tracklines shapefile
    Data sources produced in this process:
    • Final bottom image locations shapefile
    • Final bottom image locations CSV file
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Pendleton, E.A., Baldwin, W.E., Barnhardt., W.A., Ackerman, S.D., Foster, D.S., Andrews, B.D., and Schwab, W.C., 2013, Shallow Geology, Sea-floor Texture, and Physiographic Zones of the Inner Continental Shelf from Nahant to Northern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts: Open-File Report 2012-1157, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

    Online Links:

    Andrews, B.D., Ackerman, S.D., Baldwin, W.E., and Barnhardt, W.A., 2010, Geophysical and Sampling Data from the Inner Continental Shelf: Northern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts: Open-File Report 2010-1006, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA.

    Online Links:

    Ackerman, Seth D., Foster, David S., Danforth, William W., and Huntley, Emily C., 2019, High-resolution geophysical and sampling data collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, 2016: data release DOI:10.5066/P9HZHXXV, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

    Online Links:

    Other_Citation_Details:
    Suggested citation: Ackerman S.D., Foster D.S., Danforth W.W., and Huntley, E.C., 2019, High-resolution geophysical and sampling data collected off Town Neck Beach in Sandwich, Massachusetts, 2016: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9HZHXXV.

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    Most of the sea-floor images were acquired with a 12-megapixel GoPro HERO4 Black camera using the default settings; file sizes are generally between 2 and 3 MB on disc. Camera time drift and the precision with which the camera time can be set often result in a time offset. The GoPro camera time was set to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). During image processing, calibration photographs indicated that the GoPro camera time was up to 1 second behind the Global Positioning System (GPS) time on Julian day 260 and 12 to 13 seconds ahead of the GPS time on Julian day 262. The time offset for Julian day 260 was negligible and was not corrected, while the time offset for Julian day 262 was corrected during the GoPro image processing.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    The original JPEG images alone do not represent spatial data; however, the images were geolocated during post-processing by linking the time the image was taken to the corresponding time in the navigation data. Sources of horizontal inaccuracy may be due to the camera time or navigation data. The GoPro camera time was up to 1 second behind the GPS time on Julian day 260 and 12 to 13 seconds ahead of the GPS time on Julian day 262. The time offset for Julian day 260 was negligible and was not corrected, while the time offset for Julian day 262 was corrected during the GoPro image processing. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) navigation was used during field activity 2019-034-FA. The DGPS was set to receive fixes at a 1-second interval in geographic coordinates (Geographic Coordinate System [GCS] World Geodetic System of 1984 [WGS 84]). Due to an issue with the data logger, the raw navigation data were recorded to National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA) files for only 22 of the 50 sampler deployments (sites 2019-034-FA-009 through 2019-034-FA-018 and 2019-034-FA-023 through the first deployment at 2019-034-FA-034). For the remaining 28 deployments (sites 2019-034-FA-001 through 2019-034-FA-008, 2019-034-FA-019 through 2019-034-FA-022, and the second deployment at 2019-034-FA-034 through 2019-034-FA-049), the latitude and longitude recorded on the video overlay were used for the navigation data. Due to rounding differences, the navigation recorded to the NMEA files and the video overlay may differ by up to 1 meter. The recorded position of each image is the position of the DGPS antenna on the survey vessel, located on the aft port side of the R/V Tioga on the rail near the A-frame, not the location of the MiniSEABOSS. The antenna was located approximately 4 meters from the MiniSEABOSS deployment location. No layback or offset was applied to the recorded position. In addition, the MiniSEABOSS may drift away from the survey vessel when deployed to the sea floor. Based on the various sources of horizontal offsets, a conservative estimate of the horizontal accuracy of the bottom image locations is 5-7 meters.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    This dataset includes geotagged sea-floor images in JPEG format, a shapefile, and CSV file of the locations of images collected during field activity 2019-034-FA. Forty-nine sites were occupied within the study area. Each deployment of the MiniSEABOSS is generally considered a unique site. One site (site 2019-034-FA-034), however, had two separate deployments because a sediment grab was not successfully collected during the first deployment; GoPro photos were taken during both deployments at the site. Sea-floor images were acquired at most sites with a GoPro HERO4 Black camera mounted on the MiniSEABOSS. Representative GoPro photos with a clear view of the sea floor were chosen for each site for publication. Fifteen sites (sites 2019-034-FA-022, 2019-034-FA-035, and 2019-034-FA-037 through 2019-034-FA-049) did not have any usable photographs, so still-image frame grabs were captured from the SeaViewer video to supplement this dataset. A total of 161 images for all 49 sites are included in this dataset.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    Sea-floor images were acquired with a GoPro HERO4 Black camera and SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera on the MiniSEABOSS. The GoPro camera was set to take photos every 2 seconds during a MiniSEABOSS deployment. Gaps in sequential photo numbers exist because representative images with a clear view of the sea floor were chosen for each site for publication. Fifteen sites (sites 2019-034-FA-022, 2019-034-FA-035, and 2019-034-FA-037 through 2019-034-FA-049) did not have any usable GoPro photographs so still-image frame grabs were captured from the SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video to supplement this dataset. The images acquired with the GoPro and SeaViewer cameras have different fields of view and image dimensions. The fields of view of the two cameras overlap, but the GoPro photos show a larger extent than the SeaViewer images. The image dimensions of most of the GoPro photos are 4000 x 3000 pixels (with the exception of images 2019034FA_GoProHERO4_20190919T144738Z_G0296668.JPG through 2019034FA_GoProHERO4_20190919T160708Z_G0347030.JPG, which are 3840 x 2160), and the SeaViewer still-image frame grabs are 1280 x 720 pixels. The SeaViewer images have an overlay of the latitude, longitude, GPS time, date, and site number. The site number on the image overlay does not include "-FA" and has underscores instead of dashes (e.g., site 2019-034-FA-022 is shown as 2019_034_022).

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints None
Use_Constraints Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the originator of the dataset.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    Seth Ackerman
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Rd.
    Woods Hole, MA
    USA

    508-548-8700 x2315 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    sackerman@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? Geotagged sea-floor images and locations of bottom images collected in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, in September 2019 by the U.S. Geological Survey during field activity 2019-034-FA. This dataset contains the following files: a shapefile of the bottom image locations (2019-034-FA_photos.shp); a CSV file of the bottom image locations (2019-034-FA_photos.csv); 161 geotagged bottom images from a GoPro HERO4 Black camera and SeaViewer 6000 HD Sea-Drop video camera; a browse graphic of bottom image locations (2019-034-FA_photos_browse.jpg); and Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM) metadata files in two standard formats (2019-034-FA_photos_meta.txt and 2019-034-FA_photos_meta.xml).
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    This dataset contains data available as a point shapefile, a CSV file, and JPEG image files. The user must have software capable of reading shapefile format to use the point shapefile. The CSV file can be read with a text editor. An image viewer can be used to see the JPEG images.

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 23-Apr-2024
Metadata author:
Emily Huntley
U.S. Geological Survey
Geographer/Database Specialist
384 Woods Hole Rd.
Woods Hole, MA
USA

508-548-8700 (voice)
508-457-2310 (FAX)
whsc_data_contact@usgs.gov
Contact_Instructions:
The metadata contact email address is a generic address in the event the person is no longer with USGS. (updated on 20240423)
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/DRB_data_release/DRB_P99DR4PN/2019-034-FA_photos_meta.faq.html>
Generated by mp version 2.9.51 on Thu Jun 27 10:43:57 2024