U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Spatial Extents for Marine Gazetteers project.
Project Leaders:
Frances L. Lightsom, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (flightsom@usgs.gov)
Alan O. Allwardt, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP), Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center (aallwardt@usgs.gov)
Project background:
Gazetteers of terrestrial and marine regions, including the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), GEOnet Names Server (GNS), GEBCO Gazetteer of Undersea Feature Names, and VLIZ Marine Gazetteer (VLIMAR), generally provide single-point locations or rectangular bounding boxes for named features, because the primary function of these gazetteers is to standardize geographic name usage. Many geospatial information services, however, would be improved if the authoritative place names from these gazetteers were associated with polygons representing the actual spatial extents of the features in question.
The USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) has created and compiled polygons to facilitate the retrieval of georeferenced information resources related to named oceans and seas, undersea features, coastal features and waterways, and relevant administrative areas including the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) counties. Geospatial information systems with the capability for searching user-defined, polygonal geographic areas will be able to utilize these shapefiles or secondary products derived from them, such as linked data based on well-known text (WKT) representations of the individual polygons within the shapefiles.
Several USGS information systems could benefit from these CMGP products:
1. USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System (CMGDS) <
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov>
2. USGS Science Data Catalog <
https://data.usgs.gov/datacatalog/>
3. USGS Publications Warehouse <
https://pubs.er.usgs.gov>
4. ScienceBase <
https://www.sciencebase.gov/>
In this context, the primary purpose of including spatial extents for the place names in a gazetteer is to assist information retrieval rather than to establish precise boundaries.
Planned project products, compiled for incorporation into gazetteers:
1. Major ocean and sea boundaries (as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization and VLIMAR), incorporated into USGS gazetteers.
2. Defined spatial extents for high-priority undersea features, incorporated into the GEBCO Gazetteer (in collaboration with Lisa A. Taylor and John C. Cartwright, NOAA).
3. Spatial extents of named high-priority U.S. coastal features and waterways, incorporated into an authoritative gazetteer.
4. Spatial extents of relevant U.S. administrative areas, such as Coastal Zone Management Program (CZMP) counties (Hartwell and others, 2013).
Project results:
The project will improve communication about coastal and marine activities and enhance usability and interoperability of geospatial data services. The project will lay a foundation for future improvements by demonstrating formats and systems that can be used for incorporating additional spatial extents into marine gazetteers.
Project outcome:
People will be more successful in using familiar place names when they are looking for USGS projects and information, and other federally funded geospatial information, about coastal and offshore features.
Project objective:
To generate a set of databases, in a standard format, that use polygons to define the spatial extents of named oceans and seas, undersea features, coastal features and waterways, and relevant administrative areas.
Glossary of terms, acronyms, and abbreviations:
ACUF - U.S. BGN Advisory Committee on Undersea Features
<http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/acuf.html>
BGN - U.S. Board on Geographic Names
<https://geonames.usgs.gov/>
BODC - British Oceanographic Data Centre
<https://www.bodc.ac.uk/>
CMGDS - USGS Coastal and Marine Geoscience Data System
<https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/>
CMGP - USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
<https://marine.usgs.gov/>
GAZ - gazetteer
GEBCO - General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (IHO-IOC)
<https://www.gebco.net/>
GIS - geographic information system
GMIS - USGS Geospatial Management Information System (USGS Intranet)
GNIS - Geographic Names Information System
<https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/>
GNS - GEOnet Names Server
<http://geonames.nga.mil/gns/html/>
IHO - International Hydrographic Organization
<http://www.iho.int/>
IOC - Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO)
<http://ioc-unesco.org/>
Linestring - (aka polyline) an open graphic element composed of straight-line segments connected at the vertices.
NGA - National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
<https://www.nga.mil/>
NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
<https://www.noaa.gov/>
Polygon - a closed graphic element composed of straight-line segments connected at the vertices.
SCUFN - GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names
<https://www.gebco.net/data_and_products/undersea_feature_names/>
Shapefile - geospatial vector data format that describes geometries as points, linestrings, and polygons (see above). A single shapefile may contain multiple features of the same geometry (several individual polygons, for instance).
UF - undersea feature
UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
<https://en.unesco.org/>
USGS - U.S. Geological Survey
<https://www.usgs.gov/>
VLIMAR - VLIZ Marine Gazetteer (now incorporated in the Marine Regions website)
<http://www.marineregions.org/>
VLIZ - Flanders Marine Institute
<http://www.vliz.be/en>
WKT - well-known text, a markup language for vector geometry objects
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-known_text>
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