Seawater carbonate chemistry, Kahekili, west Maui

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Frequently anticipated questions:

What does this data set describe?

Title: Seawater carbonate chemistry, Kahekili, west Maui
Abstract:
Time-series of seawater carbonate chemistry variables, including salinity, dissolved inorganic nutrients, pH, total alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon from sites along Kahekili Beach Park, west Maui near submarine groundwater seeps and living coral reefs. Samples for seawater were collected by pumping bottom water from the seafloor using a peristaltic pump and collecting discrete water samples every 4-hrs over a 6-day period.
Supplemental_Information:
Additional information about the field activity from which these data were derived is available online at:
http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fan=2016-637-FA Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  1. How might this data set be cited?
    Prouty, Nancy G., Yates, Kimberly, Smiley, Nathan, and Gallagher, Christopher, 2017, Seawater carbonate chemistry, Kahekili, west Maui: data release DOI:10.5066/F7X34VPV, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, California.

    Online Links:

    This is part of the following larger work.

    Prouty, Nancy G., Cohen, Anne, Yates, Kimberly, Storlazzi, Curt D., Swarzenski, Peter, White, Darla, Smiley, Nathan, and Gallagher, Christopher, 2017, Coral growth parameters and seawater chemistry from Kahekili, west Maui: data release DOI:10.5066/F7X34VPV, U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA.

    Online Links:

  2. What geographic area does the data set cover?
    West_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.694
    East_Bounding_Coordinate: -156.693
    North_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.939
    South_Bounding_Coordinate: 20.937
  3. What does it look like?
  4. Does the data set describe conditions during a particular time period?
    Beginning_Date: 18-Sep-2014
    Ending_Date: 24-Mar-2016
    Currentness_Reference:
    Ground condition at time data were collected
  5. What is the general form of this data set?
    Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: comma-delimited text
  6. How does the data set represent geographic features?
    1. How are geographic features stored in the data set?
      This is a point data set. It contains the following vector data types (SDTS terminology):
      • Point (186)
    2. What coordinate system is used to represent geographic features?
      Horizontal positions are specified in geographic coordinates, that is, latitude and longitude. Latitudes are given to the nearest 0.0001. Longitudes are given to the nearest 0.0001. Latitude and longitude values are specified in Decimal degrees. The horizontal datum used is D_WGS_1984.
      The ellipsoid used is WGS_1984.
      The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid used is 6378137.000000.
      The flattening of the ellipsoid used is 1/298.257224.
  7. How does the data set describe geographic features?
    Kahekili_seawater.csv
    Table containing results from seawater analyses of carbonate chemistry and environmental parameters. (Source: Producer defined)
    Latitude
    Latitude (Source: based hand held GPS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:20.937
    Maximum:20.939
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.001
    Longitude
    Longitude (Source: based hand held GPS)
    Range of values
    Minimum:-156.694
    Maximum:-156.693
    Units:decimal degrees
    Resolution:0.001
    Date of Collection
    Calendar date (month/day/year) when sample was collected in the field (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:9/18/2014
    Maximum:3/24/2016
    Units:month/day/year
    Time
    Time (24-hours) when sample was collected in the field (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3:00
    Maximum:23:00
    Units:hours:minutes
    Maximum Depth
    Maximum depth in meters of sample collection (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.5
    Maximum:5.5
    Units:meters (m)
    Resolution:0.1
    Salinity
    salinity as measured by YSI probe (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:3.70
    Maximum:37.98
    Units:practical salinity units (psu)
    Resolution:0.01
    Temperature
    temperature as measured by YSI probe (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:22.60
    Maximum:29.48
    Units:degrees Celsius
    Resolution:0.01
    Dissolved Oxygen
    dissolved oxygen as measured by YSI probe. Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 15N:14N was not calculated for every sample. (Source: producer defined)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.70
    Maximum:7.24
    Units:milligrams per liter
    Resolution:0.01
    Nitrate
    dissolved inorganic nitrate concentration (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.01
    Maximum:117.26
    Units:micromolar
    Resolution:0.01
    Ammonia
    dissolved inorganic ammonia concentration (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.00
    Maximum:3.86
    Units:micromolar
    Resolution:0.01
    Phosphate
    dissolved inorganic phosphate concentration (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.04
    Maximum:12.75
    Units:micromolar
    Resolution:0.01
    Silicate
    dissolved inorganic silicate concentration (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1.58
    Maximum:803.87
    Units:micromolar
    Resolution:0.01
    pH
    the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration, measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:7.36
    Maximum:8.05
    Units:unitless
    Resolution:0.01
    Total Alkalinity
    total alkalinity concentration (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:2059
    Maximum:2765
    Units:micromole per kilogram
    Resolution:1
    Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
    the sum of inorganic carbon species in a solution (carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate anion, and carbonate) (Source: standard reporting value in inorganic chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:1958
    Maximum:2630
    Units:micromole per kilogram
    Resolution:1
    Aragonite Saturation State
    ratio of [CO32-] and [Ca2+] divided by the aragonite solubility product (Ksp) assuming the concentration of calcium, [Ca2+] is proportional to the salinity, and the carbonate concentration, [CO32-] was calculated from TCO2, pH, and the values of K1 and K2 for carbonic acid. (Source: Calculated with measured salinity, temperature, nutrients, total alkalinity, and pH data using an Excel Workbook Macro translation of the original CO2SYS program (Lewis 1998))
    Range of values
    Minimum:0.52
    Maximum:3.40
    Units:ratio
    Resolution:0.01
    pCO2
    partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) (Source: Calculated with measured salinity, temperature, nutrients, total alkalinity, and pH data using an Excel Workbook Macro translation of the original CO2SYS program (Lewis 1998).)
    Range of values
    Minimum:332
    Maximum:3502
    Units:parts per million (ppm; dry at 1 atm)
    Resolution:1
    Nitrate delta-N-15
    delta-N-15 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes nitrogen-15:nitrogen-14 in nitrate, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 15N:14N was not calculated for every sample. (Source: standard reporting value in isotope chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:47.73
    Maximum:74.40
    Units:parts per thousand (per mil)
    Resolution:0.01
    Nitrate delta-O-18
    delta-O-18 is a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes oxygen-18:nitrogen-16 in nitrate, reported in parts per thousand (per mil). Empty cells in the spreadsheet are common, as 18O:16O was not calculated for every sample. (Source: standard reporting value in isotope chemistry)
    Range of values
    Minimum:6.50
    Maximum:23.15
    Units:parts per thousand (per mil)
    Resolution:0.01
    Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: The first line of the csv file is a header line.
    Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: U.S. Geological Survey

Who produced the data set?

  1. Who are the originators of the data set? (may include formal authors, digital compilers, and editors)
    • Nancy G. Prouty
    • Kimberly Yates
    • Nathan Smiley
    • Christopher Gallagher
  2. Who also contributed to the data set?
    K.R. Pietro and K. Hoering (WHOI), J. Murray (UCSC), G. Paradis (UCSB) analytical assistance, and P. Dal Ferro, J. Logan, T. Reiss, and N. Smiley (USGS), J. McClaren (Stanford), M. Dailer (U. Hawaii), and C. Gallagher (UCSC) for field assistance.
  3. To whom should users address questions about the data?
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
    2885 Mission Street
    Santa Cruz, CA
    US

    831-427-4747 (voice)
    pcmsc_data@usgs.gov

Why was the data set created?

These samples were collected and analyzed to characterize the diurnal variability in water carbonate chemistry and determine exposure to extremely low pH and high nutrient conditions linked to contaminated submarine groundwater discharge.

How was the data set created?

  1. From what previous works were the data drawn?
    nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, and silicate) (source 1 of 3)
    University of California at Santa Barbara Marine Science Institute, 2016, seawater nutrient analyses.

    Type_of_Source_Media: seawater lab samples
    Source_Contribution: Flow injection analysis for dissolved nutrient concentrations.
    carbonate chemistry measurements (total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations) (source 2 of 3)
    St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2016, carbonate chemistry measurements.

    Type_of_Source_Media: seawater lab samples
    Source_Contribution:
    Total alkalinity concentrations were measured following the spectrophotometric methods of Yao and Byrne (1998)). Dissolved inorganic carbon concentrations were measured using a UIC carbon coulometer model CM5014 and CM5130 acidification module following the methods of Dickson and others (2007). The pH value was determined by spectrophotometric methods using an Ocean Optics USB2000 spectrometer and thymol blue indicator dye following protocol of Zhang and Byrne (1996). For low salinity (< 10) water samples, discrete dissolved inorganic carbon samples were measured on an Apollo SciTech AS-C3 DIC autoanalyzer via sample acidification followed by non-dispersive infrared CO2 detection using a LiCOR 7000.
    Nitrate delta-N-15 (source 3 of 3)
    University of California, Davis Stable Isotope Facility, 2016, nitrate stable nitrogen isotope analysis.

    Type_of_Source_Media: seawater lab samples
    Source_Contribution:
    The denitrifier method of Sigman and others (2001) was used and isotope values were measured using a Thermo Finnigan MAT 252 coupled with a GasBench II interface. Isotope values are presented in per mil with respect to AIR for delta-N-15 and VSMO for delta-O-18.
  2. How were the data generated, processed, and modified?
    Date: 22-Apr-2016 (process 1 of 3)
    Results from the lab listed above were combined into a comma-delimited text document (Kahekili_seawater.csv) for this data release. Person who carried out this activity:
    Nancy Prouty
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    2885 Mission St.
    Santa Cruz, CA
    United States

    831-460-7526 (voice)
    nprouty@usgs.gov
    Data sources used in this process:
    • All source contribution was used for this data
    Date: 25-Nov-2019 (process 2 of 3)
    Deleted extraneous text from attribute resolution tag. Updated Point of Contact and Metadata contact to PCMSC static contact info, and added Process Step contact information as needed. No data or data information were changed. Person who carried out this activity:
    Susan A Cochran
    U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
    2885 Mission St.
    Santa Cruz, CA
    United States

    831-460-7545 (voice)
    scochran@usgs.gov
    Date: 19-Oct-2020 (process 3 of 3)
    Edited metadata to add keywords section with USGS persistent identifier as theme keyword. No data were changed. Person who carried out this activity:
    U.S. Geological Survey
    Attn: VeeAnn A. Cross
    Marine Geologist
    384 Woods Hole Road
    Woods Hole, MA

    508-548-8700 x2251 (voice)
    508-457-2310 (FAX)
    vatnipp@usgs.gov
  3. What similar or related data should the user be aware of?
    Lewis, E., and Wallace, W.R., 1998, Program Developed for CO2 System Calculations.

    Online Links:

    Yao, W., and Bryne, R.H., 1998, Simplified seawater alkalinity analysis: use of linear array spectrometers.

    Online Links:

    Dickson, A.G., Sabine, C.L., and Christian, J.R., 2007, Guide to best practices for ocean CO2 measurements.

    Online Links:

    Zhang, H., and Byrne, R.H., 1996, Spectrophotometric pH measurements of surface seawater at in-situ conditions: absorbance and protonation behavior of thymol blue.

    Online Links:

    Sigman, D.M., Casciotti, K.L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., and Bohlke, J.K., 2001, A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater.

    Online Links:

How reliable are the data; what problems remain in the data set?

  1. How well have the observations been checked?
    All geochemistry data were calibrated against known standards.
  2. How accurate are the geographic locations?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted.
  3. How accurate are the heights or depths?
    A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has not been conducted.
  4. Where are the gaps in the data? What is missing?
    Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details.
  5. How consistent are the relationships among the observations, including topology?
    No logical accuracy tests were conducted.

How can someone get a copy of the data set?

Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
USGS-authored or produced data and information are in the public domain from the U.S. Government and are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize and acknowledge the U.S. Geological Survey and Division of Aquatic Resources, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources as the originator(s) of the dataset and in products derived from these data.
  1. Who distributes the data set? (Distributor 1 of 1)
    U.S. Geological Survey - ScienceBase
    Denver Federal Center, Building 810, Mail Stop 302
    Denver, CO

    1-888-275-8747 (voice)
    sciencebase@usgs.gov
  2. What's the catalog number I need to order this data set? These data are available in .csv format contained in a single file.
  3. What legal disclaimers am I supposed to read?
    Unless otherwise stated, all data, metadata and related materials are considered to satisfy the quality standards relative to the purpose for which the data were collected. Although these data and associated metadata have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness and approved for release by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty expressed or implied is made regarding the display or utility of the data on any other system or for general or scientific purposes, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty.
  4. How can I download or order the data?
  5. What hardware or software do I need in order to use the data set?
    These data can be viewed with Microsoft Excel or any text reader

Who wrote the metadata?

Dates:
Last modified: 19-Oct-2020
Metadata author:
U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Attn: PCMSC Science Data Coordinator
2885 Mission Street
Santa Cruz, CA
US

831-427-4747 (voice)
pcmsc_data@usgs.gov
Metadata standard:
Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (FGDC-STD-001-1998)
This page is <https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/pcmsc/DataReleases/ScienceBase/DR_F7X34VPV/Kahekili_seawater_metadata.faq.html>
Generated by mp version 2.9.50 on Tue Sep 21 18:17:22 2021